Membrane Rupture Is the Common Cause of Damage to Chloroplast Membranes in Leaves Injured by Freezing or Excessive Wilting

Hincha, Dirk K.; Höfner, R.; Schwab, Karin; Heber, U.; Schmitt, Jürgen

doi:10.1104/pp.83.2.251

Cited by 63 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The integral membrane protein LHCII was detected only in the membrane fraction and was extracted in 0.5% Triton X-100-containing buffer. By contrast, the lumen protein OE33, which is present in the lumen both in unassembled soluble form and bound to thylakoidembedded photosystem II core proteins (Ettinger and Theg, 1991), was found in both membrane and soluble fractions as a result of the aggressive freeze/thaw lysis protocol we used that was previously shown to cause significant thylakoid rupture and release of lumen proteins (Hincha et al, 1987;Grouneva et al, 2006).…”

Section: Chlase and Chlasedn Expressed In Tobacco Protoplasts Are Locmentioning

confidence: 78%

Chlorophyllase Is a Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Chlorophyll Catabolism and Is Posttranslationally Regulated

et al. 2007

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Chlorophyll is a central player in harvesting light energy for photosynthesis, yet the rate-limiting steps of chlorophyll catabolism and the regulation of the catabolic enzymes remain unresolved. To study the role and regulation of chlorophyllase (Chlase), the first enzyme of the chlorophyll catabolic pathway, we expressed precursor and mature versions of citrus (Citrus sinensis) Chlase in two heterologous plant systems: (1) squash (Cucurbita pepo) plants using a viral vector expression system; and (2) transiently transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplasts. Expression of full-length citrus Chlase resulted in limited chlorophyll breakdown in protoplasts and no visible leaf phenotype in whole plants, whereas expression of a Chlase version lacking the N-terminal 21 amino acids (ChlaseDN), which corresponds to the mature protein, led to extensive chlorophyll breakdown in both tobacco protoplasts and squash leaves. ChlaseDN-expressing squash leaves displayed a dramatic chlorotic phenotype in plants grown under low-intensity light, whereas under natural light a lesion-mimic phenotype occurred, which was demonstrated to follow the accumulation of chlorophyllide, a photodynamic chlorophyll breakdown product. Fulllength and mature citrus Chlase versions were localized to the chloroplast membrane fraction in expressing tobacco protoplasts, where processing of the N-terminal 21 amino acids appears to occur. Results obtained in both plant systems suggest that Chlase functions as a rate-limiting enzyme in chlorophyll catabolism controlled via posttranslational regulation.

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Section: Chlase and Chlasedn Expressed In Tobacco Protoplasts Are Locmentioning

confidence: 78%

Chlorophyllase Is a Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Chlorophyll Catabolism and Is Posttranslationally Regulated

et al. 2007

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“…Water that has condensed in the intercellular spaces also freezes. Biomembrane rupture is the cause of damage by freezing (Sikorska and Kacperska, 1982;Hincha et al, 1987). The freezing behavior of tissues and cells varies (Pearce, 2001) depending on whether lethal ice -nucleation occurs after previous undercooling ("freezing sensitive") or gradually by extracellular ice formation and freezing induced cellular dehydration ("freezing tolerant").…”

Section: Injury Patterns Of Cold and Frost And Acquisition Of Resistamentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic Constraints Drive the Evolution of Low Temperature Resistance in Woody Plants

Larcher

2005

J. Agric. Meteorol.

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Cold and frost are stress factors of widespread occurrence for plants. They damage woody plants due to chilling temperatures in the tropics, by freezing sensitive plants in regions with episodic frosts and temperatures down to -10 °C, and by freezing of even tolerant plants in regions with cold winters below -10 and -40 °C. The wide range of frost resistances in plants from different climatic zones indicates that the ability to become hardened to freezing has evolved in a stepwise process. There are opinions how an evolutionary acquisition of freezing tolerance could have taken place in the following way: First there is a differentiation of better adapted ecotypes and in the long term a series of functional plant groups develop along climatic gradients. Frequent climatic stress and climatic changes stimulate the selection of new genotypes resistant to climatic extremes. Furthermore, plants exposed to multiple stress factors in their habitat acquire a general cross tolerance to climatic constraints.The objective of this review is the understanding of low temperature resistance in woody plants, e.g. stabilization of biomembranes by lipid composition, deep supercooling, and ability to become freezing tolerant during winter dormancy. An over a hundred year long history of investigating frost stress and survival of different plant species has brought about an important understanding of basic processes. Recently antifreeze proteins which slow the freezing processes, and proteins, which protect the protoplasm against low temperature, frost and dehydration have been discovered. Findings that help to explain the mechanisms for coping with low temperature will be applicable to agriculture, horticulture, forestry and bioclimatology. The objective of this review is the understanding of basic processes of low temperature stress and the evolutionary adaptation of resistance in woody plants. 'Adaptation' is the response of plants to changing environmental conditions; it may be transitory (phenotypic) or permanent (genotypic). 'Evolutionary adaptation' is used here in the sense of genetically determined.The first descriptive investigations of frost damage and freezing resistance in different plant species were carried out very early e.g., Sachs (1860), Müller Thurgau (1886), Molisch (1897). From the middle of the last century onwards intensive analytical investigations of cytological, biophysical and biochemical mechanisms were made on plant organs and tissues (e.g., Asahina, 1956;Heber, 1968;Siminovitch et al., 1968; Krasavtsev, 1972;Burke et al., 1976), and general conclusions were drawn from these results (e.g., Levitt, 1980; Tumanov, 1979). Recently our knowledge of low temperature stress and frost resistance has been advanced due to molecular biological methods. Nowadays certain polypeptides and proteins which trigger controlled freezing and which protect the protoplasm against low temperature, frost and dehydration are known. All findings that help to explain mechanisms for coping with low temperature will have ...

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“…Freeze-thaw damage to thylakoids both in vitro and in vivo is accompanied by the release of the electron transport protein PC from the intramembrane spaces due to transient rupture of the membranes (Hincha et al, 1987;Hincha and Schmitt, 1988). This leads to an inactivation of photosyrithetic electron transport and light-driven ATP synthesis after a freeze-thaw cycle (for a review, see Hincha and Schmitt, 1992b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galactose-Specific Lectins Protect Isolated Thylakoids against Freeze-Thaw Damage

1993

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We have measured freeze-thaw damage to isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea 1.) chloroplast thylakoid membranes in the presence of different galactose-specific seed lectins to determine whether the binding of proteins to the membrane surface can lead to cryoprotection. O f the seven lectins investigated, five were protective to different degrees and two showed no measurable effect. Protection was afforded by a reduction of the solute permeability of the membranes. This reduced the solute influx during freezing and thereby osmotic rupture of the thylakoid vesicles during thawing. Using model membranes and fluorescently labeled lectins, we could show that the proteins bound exclusively to the digalactosyl lipids in the membranes. Binding was a prerequisite for the protective effect, because the presence of up to 5 mM galactose in the samples completely inhibited both binding of the lectins to thylakoid and model membranes and cryoprotection. The degree of binding was, in contrast, not related to the cryoprotective efficiency of different lectins; cryoprotection was a function of the hydrophobicity of the proteins.

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Membrane Rupture Is the Common Cause of Damage to Chloroplast Membranes in Leaves Injured by Freezing or Excessive Wilting

Cited by 63 publications

References 22 publications

Chlorophyllase Is a Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Chlorophyll Catabolism and Is Posttranslationally Regulated

Chlorophyllase Is a Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Chlorophyll Catabolism and Is Posttranslationally Regulated

Climatic Constraints Drive the Evolution of Low Temperature Resistance in Woody Plants

Galactose-Specific Lectins Protect Isolated Thylakoids against Freeze-Thaw Damage

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