“…In the dual formulation, instead, the problem is completely overcome, since a lattice estimate of the interquark force for the U(1) gauge model -which, in se, is finite even for very large interquark distances -can be obtained from direct measurements in the dual system. In this respect, this duality-inspired method can be considered as a possible alternative to other popular error-reduction numerical techniques, like the multi-level algorithm proposed by Lüscher and Weisz [62], which has been used to achieve exponential error reduction in several different gauge models [18,20,24,63,64], including compact U(1) lattice gauge theory in D = 4 [10,65].…”