Membranes in Water Reclamation: Treatment, Reuse and Concentrate Management

Devaisy, Sukanyah; Kandasamy, Jaya; Nguyễn, Tiến Vinh; Ratnaweera, Harsha; Vigneswaran, S.

doi:10.3390/membranes13060605

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Contaminated water filtration through polymer membranes is significant and easy to clean with lower costs. Traditionally, the protection of membrane filtration from organic loads and biofouling follows pre-treatment processes such as adsorption, oxidation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration [ 26 ]. This pre-treatment process is essential to remove the contaminants from membrane filtration.…”

Section: Surface Treatment Of the Polymer Membranementioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Treatment of Polymer Membranes for Effective Biofouling Control

Vishwakarma,

Kandasamy,

Vigneswaran

2023

Membranes

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Membrane biofouling is the consequence of the deposition of microorganisms on polymer membrane surfaces. Polymeric membranes have garnered more attention for filtering and purifying water because of their ease of handling, low cost, effortless surface modification, and mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. The sizes of the pores in the membranes enable micro- and nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis. Commonly used polymers for water filter membranes are polyvinyl chloride (PVA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyamide (PA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethersulfone (PES), polyimide (PI), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl alcohol (PA), poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA), polyaniline nanoparticles (PANI), poly (arylene ether ketone) (PAEK), polyvinylidene fluoride polysulfone (PSF), poly (ether imide) (PEI), etc. However, these polymer membranes are often susceptible to biofouling because of inorganic, organic, and microbial fouling, which deteriorates the membranes and minimizes their lives, and increases operating costs. Biofouling infection on polymer membranes is responsible for many chronic diseases in humans. This contamination cannot be eliminated by periodic pre- or post-treatment processes using biocides and other chemicals. For this reason, it is imperative to modify polymer membranes by surface treatments to enhance their efficiency and longevity. The main objective of this manuscript is to discuss application-oriented approaches to control biofouling on polymer membranes using various surface treatment methods, including nanomaterials and fouling characterizations utilizing advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques.

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Section: Surface Treatment Of the Polymer Membranementioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Treatment of Polymer Membranes for Effective Biofouling Control

Vishwakarma,

Kandasamy,

Vigneswaran

2023

Membranes

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“…Water reclamation and reuse are expected to be a promising solution to the increasing demand for water resources [13]. By treating wastewater to specific quality standards, reclaimed water could be a reliable and sustainable source of water, particularly in urban areas where approximately 80% of the water consumed ends up in wastewater streams [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia

Widianingtias,

Kazama,

Benyapa

et al. 2023

Water

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Bali Province, Indonesia, experiences serious water shortages and groundwater over-abstraction due to rapidly increasing water demand. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential for water reclamation and reuse in Bali Province, focusing on the operational performance of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Although the Suwung WWTP could increase its treatment capacity to produce reclaimed water for irrigation and landscape, there are multiple management issues to be addressed, including fluctuating water demand, limited customer base beyond hotels, concerns about water quality and safety, and cultural perceptions of reclaimed water. In addition, despite the organic loading rates being lower than the design value, the treatment performance of the Suwung WWTP was found to be significantly lower than that of the ITDC WWTP, which achieved high BOD, COD, and TSS removal rates by performing good maintenance of aerators and post-treatment based on dissolved air flotation (DAF). Causal loop analysis indicates that aerator malfunctioning causes multiple problems, such as low dissolved oxygen, poor BOD removal, sludge carryover, and low sludge concentrations. Therefore, regular maintenance of aerators, as well as the development of aerators robust against malfunctioning, are fundamental to producing effluents from stabilization ponds that meet the requirements for irrigation and landscape reuse.

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