Membranes in Zero-Liquid-Discharge Systems for Efficient Processes toward Sustainable Environment: A Review

Eco-sustainable paper wastewater management by water-resource recovery and concentrate minimization using a membrane oxidation reactor and membrane distillation system

“…These strategies are about not only dealing with the water scarcity concerns through wastewater management for industries, but also a series of advantages such as improving environmental performance with reclaiming wastewater for water recovery, reducing the volume of waste produced, reusing water, and finally reducing the costs of wastewater discharge. 15,27,58 Low capital cost, high separation efficiency, low membrane fouling and the ability to operate at high recovery make MD a promising candidate for separation technologies. 26,59 As Date et al 59 stated, most of the studies related to MD are either laboratory or small-scale, while pilotscale and real-world applications have yet to appear on the scene in adequate numbers.…”

“…[21][22][23][24][25] Membranebased filtration processes, when used at an industrial scale, have some advantages, such as a high level of flexibility in various concentration ranges, a higher quality of end products, developing enhanced membrane materials, and lower overall production costs. Membrane distillation (MD) is yet another promising 26,27 and emerging membrane technology that consists of a thermal process in which only vapor molecules pass through a porous hydrophobic membrane. 28,29 In recent years, it has been believed that AOPs and membrane technology integrated into one system could complement each other to overcome the drawbacks from both parties and result in a high performance wastewater treatment system.…”

“…21–25 Membrane-based filtration processes, when used at an industrial scale, have some advantages, such as a high level of flexibility in various concentration ranges, a higher quality of end products, developing enhanced membrane materials, and lower overall production costs. Membrane distillation (MD) is yet another promising 26,27 and emerging membrane technology that consists of a thermal process in which only vapor molecules pass through a porous hydrophobic membrane. 28,29…”

Membranes for Oil/Water Separation: A Review

“…This is resulted in water flux of (487.9 ± 25.4 mL m –2 h –1 mmHg –1 ) with high purity, high antifouling property with 90.5% flux recovery, and oil rejection of (98.7 ± 1.2%). [ 55 ]…”

“…The developed membrane showed a high performance with pure water permeation flux and superior mechanical properties compared to that membrane using a conventional phase‐separation process. Modi and Bellare [ 55 ] reported carboxylated CNT and GO nanosheets (CNTs/GO) as a CG nanohybrid was incorporated in polysulfone hollow fiber membranes that resulted in the improvement of wettability with a WCA of ≈51.4°, superior water permeation flux (487.9 ± 25.4 mL m –2 h –1 mmHg), high mechanical strength with Young's modulus of 510.2 ± 12.4 MPa, and high antifouling property (flux recovery ≈ 90.5%), as well as high oil rejection (98.7 ± 1.2%). PVDF‐based membrane's oil/water separation performance has attracted much attention due to its featured properties.…”