“…Social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, You Tube, and, more recently, TikTok (Zulli & Zu lli, 2022) have been the ideal propagation ve hicle to virilise this type of archival content. The global incidence of the meme phenom enon, extended to all areas of communica tion, has led to research on its political impli cations (Chagas, Freire, Rios, & Magalhães, 2019;Howley, 2016), cultural links (Islas, 2020), identity relations (Ismangil, 2019;Mil ner, 2012), and even the possible incidence of memes in hate speech (Kiela et al, 2020).…”