Memory B Cells of Mice and Humans

Weisel, Florian; Shlomchik, Mark J.

doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055531

Cited by 258 publications

(260 citation statements)

References 187 publications

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“…Two major characteristics of the adaptive immune system include antigen-specificity and the ability to “remember” previously encountered antigens. The latter permits rapid recall responses upon secondary pathogen challenge (Schenkel and Masopust, 2014; Weisel and Shlomchik, 2017). While the adaptive immune system plays a critical role in our defense against pathogens, in autoimmunity it can also be directed against self-antigens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a Paradigm Shift

Jassam

Izzy

Whalen

et al. 2017

Neuron

586

496

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SUMMARY Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and disability, with a considerable socioeconomic burden. Heterogeneity of pathoanatomical subtypes and diversity in the pathogenesis and extent of injury contribute to differences in the course and outcome of TBI. Following the primary injury, extensive and lasting damage is sustained through a complex cascade of events referred to as “secondary injury”. Neuroinflammation is proposed as an important manipulable aspect of secondary injury in animal and human studies. Because neuroinflammation can be detrimental or beneficial, before developing immunomodulatory therapies, it is necessary to better understand the timing and complexity of the immune responses that follows TBI. With a rapidly increasing body of literature, there is a need for a clear summary of TBI neuroimmunology. This review presents our current understanding of the immune response to TBI in a chronological and compartment-based manner, highlighting early changes in gene expression and initial signaling pathways that lead to activation of innate and adaptive immunity. Based on recent advances in our understanding of innate immune cell activation, we propose a new paradigm to study innate immune cells following TBI that moves away from the existing M1/M2 classification of activation states towards a stimulus and disease-specific understanding of polarization state based on transcriptomic and proteomic profiling.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a Paradigm Shift

Jassam

Izzy

Whalen

et al. 2017

Neuron

586

496

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…103,104 Activated CD4 + T cells also adjust their chemotactic propensities by an increase in their expression of CXCR5 and EBI2. [123][124][125] It is at these locations that elevated Bcl6 protein levels are first apparent in both responding B and T cells. After engaging T cells that share their cognate specificity, activated B cells commit to one of several potential fates; they either re-enter the follicle and commit to the formation of a new GC, or they differentiate outside of GCs into low-affinity short-lived ASCs, early memory B cells, or other effector B cell lineages.…”

Section: T-b Cell Contac Ts During G C Initiati Onmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches

Haberman

Gonzalez

Wong

et al. 2019

Immunological Reviews

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Summary Throughout the developing GC response, B cell survival and fate choices made at the single cell level are dependent on signals received largely through interactions with other cells, often with cognate T cells. The type of signals that a given B cell can encounter is dictated by its location within tissue microarchitecture. The focus of this review is on the initiation and evolution of the GC response at the earliest time points. Here, we review the key factors influencing the progression of GC B cell differentiation that are both stage and context dependent. Finally, we describe the coevolution of niches within and surrounding the GC that influence the outcome of the GC response.

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“…The phenotype of memory B cells is quite diverse and both classswitched and IgM positive memory B cells exist. 66,67 The best way to quantify memory B cells is therefore to use a probe (fluorescently labeled antigen) in combination with standard memory B cell markers (eg, B220 + , IgD + , CD38 + in mice). Antigen-specific memory B cells can further be sorted by FACS and used to provide information on B-cell receptor heavy-and light-chain gene usage (variable, diversity, and joining genes) after vaccination, or single-cell sorted and used for production of antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Antibody Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Design and In Vivo Characterization of Vaccine Adjuvants

2018

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Many different adjuvants are currently being developed for subunit vaccines against a number of pathogens and diseases. Rational design is increasingly used to develop novel vaccine adjuvants, which requires extensive knowledge of, for example, the desired immune responses, target antigen-presenting cell subsets, their localization, and expression of relevant pattern-recognition receptors. The adjuvant mechanism of action and efficacy are usually evaluated in animal models, where mice are by far the most used. In this review, we present methods for assessing adjuvant efficacy and function in animal models: (1) whole-body biodistribution evaluated by using fluorescently and radioactively labeled vaccine components; (2) association and activation of immune cell subsets at the injection site, in the draining lymph node, and the spleen; (4) adaptive immune responses, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, various T-helper cell subsets, and antibody responses, which may be quantitatively evaluated using ELISA, ELISPOT, and immunoplex assays and qualitatively evaluated using flow cytometric and single cell sequencing assays; and (5) effector responses, for example, antigen-specific cytotoxic potential of CD8 + T cells and antibody neutralization assays. While the vaccine-induced immune responses in mice often correlate with the responses induced in humans, there are instances where immune responses detected in mice are not translated to the human situation. We discuss some examples of correlation and discrepancy between mouse and human immune responses and how to understand them.

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Memory B Cells of Mice and Humans

Cited by 258 publications

References 187 publications

Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a Paradigm Shift

Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a Paradigm Shift

Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches

Rational Design and In Vivo Characterization of Vaccine Adjuvants

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