Memory effects of conflict and cognitive control are processing stage-specific: evidence from pupillometry

Ptok, Melissa; Hannah, Kara E.; Watter, Scott

doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01295-3

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The conflict monitoring model of Botvinick et al (2001) holds that increased task conflict leads to stronger encoding and better subsequent memory. The results of this present study are incompatible with the previous studies that suggest a strong relationship between cognitive conflict and memory (Ptok et al, 2020;Rosner et al, 2015). Recent studies demonstrated that making JOLs can influence memory performance (Mitchum et al, 2016;Soderstrom et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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How cognitive conflict affects judgments of learning: Evaluating the contributions of processing fluency and metamemory beliefs

Chen

Yang

2021

Mem Cogn

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Previous research has documented that cognitive conflict affects basic cognitive processes such as memory, reasoning, and attention allocation. However, little research has explored whether its effect can be extended to higher cognitive processes such as metacognitive monitoring. The current study took a novel variant of a Stroop task that employed words presented in a color opposite to the color of the object itself (e.g., heart, presented in green) or same as the color of the object (e.g., forest, presented in green) as targets, an important form of metacognitive monitoring-judgments of learning (JOLs) was used as the measurement index to investigate the influence of cognitive conflict on metacognitive monitoring and to delineate the potential mechanisms underlying the cognitive conflict effect on JOLs. In Experiment 1, results showed that participants gave higher JOLs to consistent than to conflict words, even though cognitive conflict had little influence on memory recall. Experiment 2, employing a selfpaced study task, found that conflict words were processed less rapidly than consistent ones, and the difference in processing fluency significantly mediated the cognitive conflict effect on JOLs. Experiment 3 employed an observer-learner task; the mediation analysis showed a complete mediation role of metamemory beliefs (observation JOLs) in the relationship between word type and JOLs. In Experiment 4, research results suggested that participants' beliefs about processing fluency played an important role in the cognitive conflict effect. To conclude, cognitive conflict is a reliable factor affecting higher cognitive processes (metamemory monitoring). Both processing fluency and metamemory beliefs tend to contribute to the cognitive conflict effect.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Li et al, 2017). In recent years, several studies have shown evidence that cognitive conflict plays an important role in memory (Ptok et al, 2020;Rosner et al, 2015), attention allocation (Akpınar et al, 2009;Bjørn & Karsten, 2012;H. Kang et al, 2010) and conceptual learning (Başer, 2006;Stavy & Berkovitz, 1980;Watson, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

How cognitive conflict affects judgments of learning: Evaluating the contributions of processing fluency and metamemory beliefs

Chen

Yang

2021

Mem Cogn

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“…A somewhat related literature has assessed incidental memory for the actual task stimuli in Stroop-type paradigms, with rather mixed results. Here, some studies have shown that participants can better remember incidentally encoded incongruent relative to congruent target stimuli, suggesting that conflict can enhance memory (Davis et al, 2019;Krebs et al, 2015;Ptok et al, 2019;Ptok et al, 2020;, while others have found null results or worse memory for incongruent targets (Jiménez et al, 2020;Ortiz-Tudela et al, 2017). Moreover, there is debate on whether putative memory enhancements may be driven by response conflict or semantic conflict (Muhmenthaler & Meier, 2019;Ptok et al, 2019;Ptok et al, 2020).…”

Section: Subsequent Memory Effectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Here, some studies have shown that participants can better remember incidentally encoded incongruent relative to congruent target stimuli, suggesting that conflict can enhance memory (Davis et al, 2019;Krebs et al, 2015;Ptok et al, 2019;Ptok et al, 2020;, while others have found null results or worse memory for incongruent targets (Jiménez et al, 2020;Ortiz-Tudela et al, 2017). Moreover, there is debate on whether putative memory enhancements may be driven by response conflict or semantic conflict (Muhmenthaler & Meier, 2019;Ptok et al, 2019;Ptok et al, 2020).…”

Section: Subsequent Memory Effectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Evaluating the learning of stimulus-control associations through incidental memory of reinforcement events.

Bejjani

Egner²

2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Cognitive control describes the ability to use internal goals to strategically guide how we process and respond to our environment. Changes in the environment lead to adaptation in control strategies. This type of control-learning can be observed in performance adjustments in response to varying proportions of easy to hard trials over blocks of trials on classic control tasks. Known as the list-wide proportion congruent (LWPC) effect, increased difficulty is met with enhanced attentional control. Recent research has shown that motivational manipulations may enhance the LWPC effect, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. We manipulated Stroop proportion congruency over blocks of trials and after each trial, provided participants with either performance-contingent feedback ("correct/incorrect") or non-contingent feedback ("response logged") above trial-unique, task-irrelevant images (reinforcement events). The LWPC task was followed by a surprise recognition memory task, which allowed us to test whether attention to feedback (incidental memory for the images) varies as a function of proportion congruency, time, performance-contingency, and individual differences. We replicated a robust LWPC effect in a large sample (N = 402), but observed no differences in behavior between feedback groups. Importantly, the memory data revealed better encoding of feedback images from context-defining trials (e.g., congruent trials in a mostly congruent block), especially early in a new context, and in congruent conditions. Individual differences in reward and punishment sensitivity were not strongly associated with control-learning effects. These results suggest that statistical learning of contextual demand may have a larger impact on control-learning than individual differences in motivation.

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Psycholinguistic Experiments: A Case Study on Default Inferences in Philosophical Arguments—Analysing the Argument from Illusion

Fischer,

Engelhardt

2024

Springer Graduate Texts in Philosophy

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Memory effects of conflict and cognitive control are processing stage-specific: evidence from pupillometry

Cited by 7 publications

References 31 publications

How cognitive conflict affects judgments of learning: Evaluating the contributions of processing fluency and metamemory beliefs

How cognitive conflict affects judgments of learning: Evaluating the contributions of processing fluency and metamemory beliefs

Evaluating the learning of stimulus-control associations through incidental memory of reinforcement events.

Psycholinguistic Experiments: A Case Study on Default Inferences in Philosophical Arguments—Analysing the Argument from Illusion

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