Memory for Pictures and Words following Literal and Metaphorical Decisions

Abstract

The recognition memory of words and pictures was tested following a study session where the stimuli entered metaphorical or literal decision tasks. The results confirmed a picture superiority effect in the sense that the memory for pictures under all conditions was better than the memory for words. However, a metaphorical task at study had opposite effects on the long-term memory for pictures and words, producing better memory for words and poorer memory for pictures compared to a literal decision task at study. The results are interpreted within the concept of dual coding.

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“…Therefore, the more visual the input becomes, the more likely it is to be recognized and recalled, an effect referred to as the pictorial superiority effect (Endestad, Magnussen, & Helstrup, 2003;McBride & Dosher, 2002;Stenberg, 2006). Specifically, the process of vision takes place not in the eye, but in the brain which reconstructs information received from the eyes with previous knowledge stored in memory (Carlson, 2007;Medina, 2008;Fried, Munch, & Werblin, 2005;Roska, Molnar, & Werblin, 2006).…”

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“…Students who interact with instructors on Facebook report more motivation and higher levels of learning (Mazer, Murphy, and Simonds 2007). Other pedagogy tools, such as visual presentations (e.g., sharing photos over Instagram), have also been shown to increase retention levels (Endestad, Magnussen, and Helstrup 2003;McBride and Dosher 2002;Stenberg 2006).…”