Memory-guided microsaccades

Willeke, Konstantin F.; Tian, Xiaoguang; Buonocore, Antimo; Bellet, Joachim; Ramirez-Cardenas, Araceli; Hafed, Ziad M.

doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11711-x

Cited by 66 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…This was not a problem at all, because after the monkeys were trained on the task with eccentricities of 5 deg and higher, they very naturally generalized their trained rule when tested on smaller target eccentricities. This was also the case in more complicated variants of the task (Willeke et al 2019), and it was also consistent with human results (e.g. see Fig.…”

Section: Monkey Behavioral Taskssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The experiments were in line with the European Union directives and the German laws governing animal research. Some monkey data were analyzed from (Willeke et al 2019) for the new purposes of this article. In these cases, the same committees had approved the experiments.…”

Section: Ethics Approvalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also analyzed anew human data from the same study (Willeke et al 2019), as well as collected additional data from one author (ZH) and three naïve subjects (2 males and 1 female, aged 25-33 years). These human experiments were approved by ethics committees at the Medical Faculty of Tübingen University, and the subjects provided informed consent.…”

Section: Ethics Approvalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monkey experiments were performed in the same laboratory environment as that described recently (Buonocore et al 2019;Skinner et al 2019;Willeke et al 2019). Human experiments were done in the laboratory described in (Grujic et al 2018;Hafed 2013).…”

Section: Laboratory Setupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As stated in (Willeke et al 2019), we used video-based eye tracking for the human subjects, again sampling at 1kHz (EyeLink 1000; desktop mount). For best eye tracking performance, we fixed the heads of the monkeys and humans during the sessions.…”

Section: Laboratory Setupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaze direction as equilibrium: more evidence from spatial and temporal aspects of small-saccade triggering in the rhesus macaque monkey

Hafed

Goffart

2020

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Rigorous behavioral studies made in human subjects have shown that small-eccentricity target displacements are associated with increased saccadic reaction times, but the reasons for this remain unclear. Before characterizing the neurophysiological foundations underlying this relationship between the spatial and temporal aspects of saccades, we tested the triggering of small saccades in the male rhesus macaque monkey. We also compared our results to those obtained in human subjects, both from the existing literature and through our own additional measurements. Using a variety of behavioral tasks exercising visual and nonvisual guidance of small saccades, we found that small saccades consistently require more time than larger saccades to be triggered in the nonhuman primate, even in the absence of any visual guidance and when valid advance information about the saccade landing position is available. We also found a strong asymmetry in the reaction times of small upper versus lower visual field visually guided saccades, a phenomenon that has not been described before for small saccades, even in humans. Following the suggestion that an eye movement is not initiated as long as the visuo-oculomotor system is within a state of balance, in which opposing commands counterbalance each other, we propose that the longer reaction times are a signature of enhanced times needed to create the symmetry-breaking condition that puts downstream premotor neurons into a push-pull regime necessary for rotating the eyeballs. Our results provide an important catalog of nonhuman primate oculomotor capabilities on the miniature scale, allowing concrete predictions on underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Leveraging a multitude of neurophysiological investigations in the rhesus macaque monkey, we generated and tested hypotheses about small-saccade latencies in this animal model. We found that small saccades always take longer, on average, than larger saccades to trigger, regardless of visual and cognitive context. Moreover, small downward saccades have the longest latencies overall. Our results provide an important documentation of oculomotor capabilities of an indispensable animal model for neuroscientific research in vision, cognition, and action.

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Section: Monkey Behavioral Taskssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Ethics Approvalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ethics Approvalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laboratory Setupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laboratory Setupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Gaze direction as equilibrium: more evidence from spatial and temporal aspects of small-saccade triggering in the rhesus macaque monkey

Hafed

Goffart

2020

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Unconscious perception and central coordinating agency

Shepherd

Mylopoulos²

2021

Philos Stud

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One necessary condition on any adequate account of perception is clarity regarding whether unconscious perception exists. The issue is complicated, and the debate is growing in both philosophy and science. In this paper we consider the case for unconscious perception, offering three primary achievements. First, we offer a discussion of the underspecified notion of central coordinating agency, a notion that is critical for arguments that purportedly perceptual states are not attributable to the individual, and thus not genuinely perceptual. We develop an explication of what it is for a representational state to be available to central coordinating agency for guidance of behavior. Second, drawing on this explication, we place a more careful understanding of the attributability of a state to the individual in the context of a range of empirical work on vision-for-action, saccades, and skilled typing. The results place pressure on the skeptic about unconscious perception. Third, reflecting upon broader philosophical themes running through debates about unconscious perception, we highlight how our discussion places pressure on the view that perception is a manifest kind, rather than a natural kind. In doing so, we resist the tempting complaint that the debate about unconscious perception is merely verbal.

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Cognitive archaeology, attention, and visual behavior

Silva‐Gago

Bruner

2023

Cognitive Archaeology, Body Cognition, and the Evolution of Visuospatial Perception

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Memory-guided microsaccades

Cited by 66 publications

References 74 publications

Gaze direction as equilibrium: more evidence from spatial and temporal aspects of small-saccade triggering in the rhesus macaque monkey

Gaze direction as equilibrium: more evidence from spatial and temporal aspects of small-saccade triggering in the rhesus macaque monkey

Unconscious perception and central coordinating agency

Cognitive archaeology, attention, and visual behavior

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