Cyber-physical-social (CPS) systems integrate Big Data Collectors (BDCs), Service Organizers (SOs) and users to build a unified data-centric computing framework. In CPS systems, BDCs leverage a vast variety of sensing devices to collect cyber-physical-social data, and report these data to SOs to orchestrate various services provided to users, thus offering a great potential for solving complex network tasks that are far beyond the capabilities of existing networks. However, due to the lack of an economic model to describe such complex data interactions, their applications are limited. So, a game-based economic model is proposed in this paper to make smart price decisions in CPS systems. Specifically, it has the following innovations: (a) The economic model gives a dynamic game income matrix which can accurately describe the revenue changes of BDCs in the game, so as to help BDCs select appropriate game parameters and strategies, and make BDCs competitive in the game. (b) The economic model can help SOs to make optimized data purchase price and service selling price based on data collection cost and competitor price analysis, so that SOs can have a better Quality of Service (QoS) and users attraction, and maximize the profit. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can help BDCs and SOs find the most suitable game strategy and price adjustment principle, which has great significance in applications.INDEX TERMS Cyber-physical-social system, price decision, game theory, economic model.
I. INTRODUCTIONModern networks are becoming increasingly heterogeneous, complex and dynamic, represented by Cyberphysical-social (CPS) systems [1]-[3], Cloud Computing Systems (CCS) [4]-[6] and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) [7]-[12]. Cyber-physical-social (CPS) system connects the cyber space, the physical space and the social space, and becomes a promising human-in-the-loop computing system, which is widely used in urban management, public safety, smart transportation, business intelligence and other fields [2], [13]-[17]. In CPS systems, the number of devices The associate editor coordinating the review of this article and approving it for publication was Shuiguang Deng. is huge, taking smartphones as an example, in 2011, the number of mobile smartphones has surpassed PCs [18], [19]. By 2016, the number of mobile users worldwide has reached 7 billion [20]-[23]. These devices for gathering data are called Big Data Collectors (BDCs) [24]-[26], which can sense and gather data from the surrounding environment and report to Service Organizers (SOs) [24], [27]-[29]. Then SOs clean, filter and mine the raw data and orchestrate these data to various services provided to users. The classic example of such applications is Vtrack [30] and Waze [31]. VTrack is a system that provides omnipresent traffic information by collecting vehicle operating information, WeatherLah gives fine-grained situation on the ground and NoiseTube makes noise maps [30]-[33]. Ubiquitous sensing