Memory of Love Towards Parents Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Evaluation

Patihis, Lawrence; Herrera, Mario E.; Huff, Mark J.; Arnau, Randolph C.

doi:10.1177/0033294118809929

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Other words also used in the questionnaire in substitution for the word "love" were "affection," "warmth," "fondness," and "caring." In preliminary psychometric analyses, we found high internal reliability within subscales, that the subscales had factor loadings distinct from one another, and emerging evidence of discriminant and convergent validity (Patihis, Herrera, Huff, & Arnau, 2018; see also Patihis, Jackson, Diaz, Stepanova, & Herrera, 2018). In the current data set, we found, by design, very high internal validity within all four subscales (Experiment 1, Time 1: first grade, α = .981; sixth grade, α = .983; ninth grade, α = .987; current, α = .990).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Changing Current Appraisals of Mothers Leads to Changes in Childhood Memories of Love Toward Mothers

Patihis

Cruz

Herrera

2019

Clinical Psychological Science

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False memories in therapy have previously been identified as problematic, but memory-of-emotion distortions have been underdiscussed in this context. Past research has suggested that cognitive reappraisals are associated with changes in memory of emotions. We investigated whether these findings would generalize to an important emotion (love), target (mothers), and time (childhood). In samples of adults, we manipulated current appraisals of mothers to examine the effect on memory of love felt in childhood toward mothers. In Experiment 1, we found significant differences between appraisal conditions on memory of love—effects that persisted for 4 weeks. In Experiment 2, the effect of reappraisal on memory of love replicated with a pretest–posttest experiment. Pretest current feelings of love were biased when recalled after the experiment. Reevaluating parents, in therapy or elsewhere, may result in memory distortion of important aspects of autobiographical memory.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Changing Current Appraisals of Mothers Leads to Changes in Childhood Memories of Love Toward Mothers

Patihis

Cruz

Herrera

2019

Clinical Psychological Science

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“…To our knowledge, no past research has measured this with regard to race or ethnicity. Nevertheless, we know that some measures of attachment correlate with the subscales of the Memory of Love towards Parents Questionnaire (MLPQ; Patihis, Herrera, & Arnau, 2018), and hence we will review previous research that has investigated differences in parental attachment in Black versus White individuals (e.g., Bakermans-Kranenburg, Ijzendoorn, & Kroonenberg, 2004;Giordano, Cernkovich, & DeMaris, 1993;Haggerty, Skinner, McGlynn-Wright, Catalano, & Crutchfield, 2013). In this study, we set out to investigate whether there are differences between Black and White individuals in their memory of feelings of love toward parents while collecting a number of possible covariate measures that may explain any differences between Black and White individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black American College Students Report Higher Memory of Love for Mothers in Childhood Than White Students

et al. 2018

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Cultural differences between Black and White individuals in the South are connected to the inequitable history of the United States. We wondered if these cultural differences would translate to a particularly precious aspect of life: memories of love felt in childhood toward one's parents. Some past studies have shown that Whites score higher on parental attachment measures to parents than Blacks, while other studies show no significant differences. However, no previous study has ever measured memory of feelings of love in relation to differences between ethnicities. In this study, Black ( n = 124) and White ( n = 125) undergraduates self-reported the strength and frequency of their past feelings of love toward their mother and father in first, sixth, and ninth grade as well as their current feelings of love. Results suggested that Black students reported feeling more love for their mothers in first, sixth, and ninth grades compared to White students. These findings were not explained when we statistically adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status, education levels, income, number of years spent living with mother or father, stress, or personality. Therefore, this relationship may be explained by unmeasured or unmeasurable cultural differences. The direction of this effect was in the opposite direction from what we expected based on past attachment research. Given the inequities in U.S. history and the current discussions around ethnicity and race in the United States, the finding that Blacks reported higher remembered feelings of love for their mothers in childhood is intriguing and worthy of dissemination and discussion.

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Reappraising a Parent can Occur With Non-suggestive Questions: Changing Emotions and Memories of Emotion

Patihis,

Herrera

2024

Psychol Rep

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Whether it is possible to reappraise parents using non-suggestive questions, and whether this has an impact on emotions and memories, is of great interest in both life and psychotherapy. Past research has shown reappraisals of past situations is associated with changes in memories of emotions. In previous work we showed memories of love could be affected by reappraisals, but did not analyze that dataset on other memories of emotion. The current paper investigates the effect of reappraisals toward participants’ mothers on the emotions: happiness, interest, sadness, and anger (and on memories of those emotions in childhood). Results show that emotions appeared to be significantly changed by reappraisals. In Experiment 1 ( N = 301; Mage = 36), we found memories of emotion were affected, especially memory of happiness in childhood, but to a lesser degree compared to current emotions. This offered some confirmation of the cognitive appraisal view of memories of emotions. Experiment 2 ( N = 202; Mage = 36) with pretest and posttest measures showed some similar patterns, but with slightly muted effects. Therapists and clients should be aware that non-suggestive prompts might lead to reappraisals of parents, with knock on effects on emotions and memories. Whether this should be part of informed consent in therapy is open to debate.

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Memory of Love Towards Parents Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Evaluation

Cited by 3 publications

References 37 publications

Changing Current Appraisals of Mothers Leads to Changes in Childhood Memories of Love Toward Mothers

Changing Current Appraisals of Mothers Leads to Changes in Childhood Memories of Love Toward Mothers

Black American College Students Report Higher Memory of Love for Mothers in Childhood Than White Students

Reappraising a Parent can Occur With Non-suggestive Questions: Changing Emotions and Memories of Emotion

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