Memory Training as a Method for Reducing the Misinformation Effect

Abstract

The two experiments presented in this study investigate the impact of memory training on the misinformation effect. This effect is particularly important in the forensic context as exposing a witness to misinformation may adversely affect the content of their testimony. During the training, the participants were acquainted with seven (Experiment 1) or six (Experiment 2) types of memory errors. It was expected that knowledge of the unreliability of human memory would reduce the misinformation effect and therefore improve the quality of testimony. These hypotheses were confirmed in both experiments. The efficacy of both the complete and reduced training courses was not statistically different. Additionally, in Experiment 1 the effectiveness of warning against misinformation was replicated: respondents warned about misinformation were more resistant to it than those not warned. The tainted truth effect was also present: people warned against non-existent misinformation had lower correctness in the memory test than non-warned ones. Finally, immediate recall of the content of the original information had no impact on the misinformation effect.

AI Hyperrealism: Why AI Faces Are Perceived as More Real Than Human Ones

“…Regardless, because AI technology is advancing so rapidly (Bond, 2023), training focused on metacognition and education may be more helpful. For example, Szpitalak et al (2021) found that people who were advised about the unreliability of human memory were more resistant to misinformation than naive individuals. Educating people about the perceived realism of AI faces could likewise reduce risks by making the public appropriately skeptical.…”