Men and differences by racial/ethnic group in self advocacy during the medical encounter

Nurturing Advocacy Inclusion to Bring Health Equity in Breast Cancer Among African–American Women

“…However, the effectiveness of self-advocacy depends greatly upon the survivor’s level of empowerment [22] and is affected by various factors, including personal characteristics and technical skills, the complexity of the patient’s illness [29, 31, 32], and availability and utilization of various forms of support [28]. Therefore, in addition to self-advocacy education and training, some cancer patients and survivors may benefit from broader empowerment strategies and support.…”

Renewing Perspectives on Men's Prostate Cancer Literacy and Engagement Along the Disease Continuum

“…Cutilli and Bennett (2009) demonstrated that men perform worse than women on health-literacy-assessment tests, due to factors such as education, language, income, information-seeking behavior, and type of health insurance. For older men, such predictors of low performance on health literacy assessments are particularly relevant, because marital status, education, and perceived health status predict health-information seeking (Elder et al, 2010). Low literate individuals tend to have difficulty understanding health information and using the health care system.…”

“…Ethnic-minority men are less likely than Caucasians to share health information with care providers that they obtained elsewhere. Those whose first languages are not English tend to complain about disrespect and racial discrimination and are thus less likely than Caucasians to advocate for tests and treatments (Elder et al, 2010). Older men with co-morbidities do not extensively seek i n f o r m a t i o n o n p r o s t a t e c a n c e r a n d i t s treatment, relying more on the technical expertise of health professionals (Nanton et al, 2009).…”

Medical Advocacy and Supportive Environments for African-Americans Following Abnormal Mammograms

“…Promoting medical advocacy among African Americans may be a culturally appropriate strategy to improve adherence and satisfaction with care. Although beneficial, some studies have indicated that African Americans are less likely to engage in medical advocacy 10,16 and others have found no racial/ethnic differences 17,18 . Work is thus warranted to understand how to encourage and support medical advocacy among African American patients.…”