Meningococcal meningitis and COVID-19 co-infection

Gallacher, Stuart; Seaton, Andrew

doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-237366

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Increased morbidity, mortality and disease severity [ 134 ] Clamydia pneumoniae Respiratory/contact Yes NR Severe pneumonia [ 133 ]. Legionella pneumophila Digestive/Respiratory Yes NR Elevated aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein [ 135 ] Haemophilus influenzae Respiratory/contact Yes Opportunistic normal flora of human upper respiratory track NR Neisseria meningitides Respiratory/contact Yes NR Convulsion [ 136 ], elevated C-reactive protein, headache, neck stiffness, rigors, confusion, and a new purpuric rash over hands and feet [ 137 ] Mycobacterium tuberculosis Respiratory Yes Cytokine storm produced by COVID-19 may reactivate latent TB or boost the development of active TB. Lung damages caused by TB may also escalate the disease severity caused by SARS-CoV-2 [ 138 ].…”

Section: Molecular Mechanism Of Co-infection In Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis

Hoque

Akter

Mishu

et al. 2021

Microbial Pathogenesis

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The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the ongoing devastating pandemic. A plethora of microbial domains including viruses (other than SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, archaea and fungi have evolved together and interact in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. However, the involvement of other microbial co-pathogens and underlying molecular mechanisms leading to extortionate ailment in critically ill COVID-19 patients has yet not been extensively reviewed. Although, the incidence of co-infections could be up to 94.2% in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the fate of co-infections among SARS-CoV-2 infected hosts often depends on the balance between the host's protective immunity and immunopathology. Predominantly identified co-pathogens of SARS-CoV-2 are bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii , Legionella pneumophila and Clamydia pneumoniae followed by viruses including influenza, coronavirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, influenza B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The cross-talk between co-pathogens (especially lung microbiomes), SARS-CoV-2 and host is an important factor that ultimately increases the difficulty of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. Simultaneously, co-infecting microbiotas may use new strategies to escape host defense mechanisms by altering both innate and adaptive immune responses to further aggravate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Better understanding of co-infections in COVID-19 is critical for the effective patient management, treatment and containment of SARS-CoV-2. This review therefore necessitates the comprehensive investigation of commonly reported microbial co-pathogens amid COVID-19, their transmission pattern along with the possible mechanism of co-infections and outcomes. Thus, identifying the possible co-pathogens and their underlying molecular mechanisms during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may shed light in developing diagnostics, appropriate curative and preventive interventions for suspected SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections in the current pandemic.

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Section: Molecular Mechanism Of Co-infection In Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis

Hoque

Akter

Mishu

et al. 2021

Microbial Pathogenesis

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“…Direct affection of the central nervous system (CNS) by the virus is rare and may cause meningitis/encephalitis [ 2 , 3 ], manifesting as headache, seizures, confusion, ataxia, pyramidal signs, or impaired consciousness (Table 1 ). Weakness of several studies on the neurological involvement in the infection is that most patients with clinical CNS manifestations did not undergo CNS imaging or investigations of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Pathophysiologic Spectrum of Neuro-COVID

Finsterer

Scorza

2021

Mol Neurobiol

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Though the lungs are predominantly affected in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, extra-pulmonary manifestations can occur. Extra-pulmonary manifestations of the central and peripheral nervous system need to be recognised as they can strongly determine the outcome. This mini-review summarises and discusses previous and recent findings about neuro-COVID. The spectrum of central nervous system disease in COVID-19 patients is much broader than so far anticipated. Peripheral nerves and the skeletal muscle are less predominantly affected. In the vast majority of the cases, there is no direct attack of the virus towards vulnerable structures, which explains why various manifestations of the nervous system manifest favourably to immune suppression or immune modulation. Overall, the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of CNS/PNS involvement in COVID-19 is wider than believed. All patients with COVID-19 should be investigated by the neurologist for primary or secondary involvement of the CNS/PNS in the infection. neuro-COVID responds favourably to immune suppressants or immune modulation.

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“…Subsequently, as of November 30, more than 10 COV-ID-19 cases with encephalitis/meningoencephalitis/meningitis have been reported [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The median age was 42 years (range from 6 months to 72 years).…”

Section: Covid-19-associated Cns Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19-Associated Acute Brain Dysfunction Related to Sepsis

2021

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In global term, as of November 30, 2020, over 30 million people has been infected by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and more than 10,000,000 of them died of acute organ failure. Our reviews have shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have life-threatening acute brain dysfunction (ABD), ranging from altered mental status/delirium to stupor/coma. Altered mental status/delirium was the most common manifestation of ABD caused by severe COVID-19. The prevalence of altered mental status and/or delirium was up to 66-79.5%, and prevalence of coma was 10%. The most common clinical type of COVID-19-associated ABD was COVID-19-associated acute stroke including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (n > 350 cases), followed by COVID-19-associated encephalopathy (n > 200 cases), and COVID-19-associated central nervous system (CNS) infection (n > 70 cases). According to the Sepsis-3 criteria, we confess that severe COVID-19-associated ABD with ARDS and altered mental status is related to sepsis. Moreover, we also review the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19-associated ABD with sepsis. In view of the fact that COVID-19 is at the peak of epidemic worldwide, we hope that this review will provide evidence of COVID-19 sepsis threating to the brain dysunction. Thus, recognizing the COVID-19-associated ABD related to sepsis is very important for early empirical combination therapy to survive severe COVID-19.

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Meningococcal meningitis and COVID-19 co-infection

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis

Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis

Clinical and Pathophysiologic Spectrum of Neuro-COVID

COVID-19-Associated Acute Brain Dysfunction Related to Sepsis

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