Menstrual and Reproductive Factors and Risk of Lung Cancer among Chinese women, Eastern Gansu Province, 1994-1998.

Brenner, Alina V.; Wang, Zuoyuan; Kleinerman, Ruth A.; Lei, Shujie; Metayer, Catherine; Wang, Wenlan; Lubin, Jay H.

doi:10.2188/jea.13.22

Cited by 34 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…32 and the present study) have indicated increased risk with increasing parity, and 3 studies showed no association. [28][29][30] Our finding of a decreased risk with increasing age at first live birth is in agreement with the results of the study by Kreuzer et al 28 in Germany; however, a cohort study among never-smoking women in Japan 30 showed a nonsignificant increased risk with increasing age at first live birth.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Three other studies, 21,28,29 including one from China, found no association with average length of the menstrual cycle, or with length of the menstrual period. 21 One study 29 reported a significant reduction in risk with older age at menarche, but other studies, 18,21,23,27,30 and the present study, did not find an association. A study from China 29 noted that a later age at menopause was associated with reduced risk, whereas a US study found significantly increased risk for older age at menopause.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Several studies from East Asia have shown an increased risk of lung cancer in women with shorter menstrual cycles, 17,23,27 suggesting that exposure to ovarian hormones may play a role in the disease; however, other studies have found no effect. 21,28,29 Findings regarding other reproductive variables and exogenous hormone use are also conflicting. Five cohort studies 19,22,25,30,31 have reported results regarding endocrine factors and lung cancer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer in women: A prospective cohort study

Kabat

Miller

Rohan

2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Several lines of evidence suggest that endocrine factors may play a role in the development of lung cancer, but the evidence is limited and inconsistent. We investigated the association of reproductive and hormonal factors with risk of lung cancer in the National Breast Screening Study, which included 89,835 Canadian women aged 40-59 years at recruitment between 1980 and 1985. Linkages to national cancer and mortality databases provided data on cancer incidence and deaths from all causes, respectively, with follow-up ending between 1998 and 2000. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between hormonal factors and lung cancer. During a mean of 16.4 years of follow-up, we observed 750 incident lung cancer cases. After adjustment for covariates, parous women were not at increased risk of lung cancer (HR 5 1.18, 95% CI 0.94-1.47) relative to nulliparous women; however, there was a modest increase in risk with increasing parity, reaching a HR of 1.42, 95% CI 1.06-1.88 in women who had 5 or more live births (p for trend 0.02). Among parous women, age at first live birth was inversely associated with risk. Women who had their first live birth at age 30 or older were at reduced risk relative to women who had their first live birth below age 23 (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.93, p for trend 0.004). These associations did not differ by age at enrollment (40-49 vs. 50-59 years old), but were somewhat strengthened when attention was restricted to never smokers. Ever use of exogenous hormones showed little association with lung cancer risk; however, long-term users of hormone replacement therapy were at slightly increased risk. Our results add to the limited existing evidence that certain reproductive and hormonal factors may be associated with lung cancer risk in women. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: lung neoplasms; reproductive factors; menstrual factors; exogenous hormones Although cigarette smoking accounts for the vast majority of lung cancer incidence, several other factors that may contribute independently to lung cancer risk or modify the effects of smoking have been proposed. 1 Several lines of evidence suggest that endocrine factors may play a role in the development of lung cancer in women, but the evidence is limited and inconsistent. A greater proportion of female than male lung cancer cases occurs in never smokers, and lung cancer is more likely to be adenocarcinoma in women than in men. 2,3 Estrogen receptors and other steroid receptors have been detected in both normal lung tissue and lung tumors, but their significance and their role in lung cancer are unclear. 4-10 Additionally, some studies, though not all, suggest that women are more susceptible to tobacco carcinogenesis than men. 11-16 A small number of mostly case-control studies have examined the association of various reproductive and hormonal factors with lung cancer, but the results have been inconsistent. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Several...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer in women: A prospective cohort study

Kabat

Miller

Rohan

2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…(30) Several epidemiologic studies have shown associations between reproductive factors and NSCLC risk, although the direction of the impact was not consistent. (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) Moreover, we previously reported elevated risk with a longer fertile life supporting a positive association between estrogenic exposure in NSCLCs and EGFR mutation. (10) Taken the data together, one may hypothesize that hormones play an important role in EGFR mutagenesis in the lung or outcome in lesions bearing EGFR mutations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Soy consumption reduces the risk of non‐small‐cell lung cancers with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations among Japanese

et al. 2008

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Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations play substantial roles in genesis and proliferation of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs).We recently found that reproductive factors have a substantial impact on risk of development of NSCLCs featuring such EGFR mutations. Therefore, we explored the influence of dietary habits on NSCLC risk with reference to the EGFR mutational status. We conducted a case-control study using 353 patients with NSCLCs (122 EGFR mutated and 231 EGFR wild-type) and 1765 age-sex matched non-cancer control subjects. Dietary exposure was based on a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and impact of major food items, like meats, seafoods, vegetables and soybean products was assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Soybean products demonstrated a protective association with EGFR mutated, but not EGFR wild-type NSCLCs, with multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the 2nd and 3rd tertile of soybean product consumption of 0.79 (0.50-1.27) and 0.56 (0.34-0.93) relative to those in the lowest tertile (trend P = 0.023). In conclusion, soy consumption may exert a protective association against the development of NSCLCs with EGFR mutations, providing possible insights into mechanisms of their genesis. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1202-1208) T he epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that activates several signaling pathways resulting in cell proliferation, escape from apoptosis, and increased likelihood of invasion or metastasis, all of which are associated with the cancer phenotype.(1) Elevated levels of EGFR are frequently seen in a variety of epithelial tumors (2) including non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) (3,4) and activating mutations of EGFR such as deletion in Exon 19 or point mutation at codon 858 have been reported in a subset of NSCLCs which are usually highly sensitive to kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib and erlotinib.(5 -7) Moreover, striking correlations between the EGFR mutation status and characteristics like a non-smoking background, adenocarcinoma-type, female sex, and East Asian ethnicity have been repeatedly demonstrated (5)(6)(7)(8)(9) albeit without clarification of the reasons as yet. Previously, we demonstrated a significance of female sex and reproductive factors for risk of EGFR mutated (EGFR mut ) NSCLCs and suggested possible involvement of estrogenic factors in their genesis. (10) Considering several pathological studies also demonstrated expression of hormonal receptors in NSCLCs, our former results motivated us to examine the impact of soy consumption, a primary source of the isoflavone phytestrogens well known to be associated with the hormone-related breast cancer. (11)(12)(13)(14) Here, to assess the significance of dietary soy consumption with reference to the EGFR status of NSCLCs, in parallel with other food items, we conducted a case-control study in 353 patients with NSCLCs and 1765 matched controls in a Japanese population. Materials and MethodsStudy subjects. Subjects for this study...

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“…22 Brenner et al found an association between an older age at menarche and a reduced risk of lung cancer in China. 31 They also found a nonstatistically significant association (P trend 5 .074) between a later age at menopause and reduced lung cancer. 31 In our study, we found no significant association between lung cancer risk and hormonal/reproductive factors, such as menopausal status, number of miscarriages, contraceptive medication use, and age at menopause.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer risk in Chinese

Chen¹,

Hsiao²,

Chang³

et al. 2007

Cancer

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Interaction between different toughening mechanisms is studied using a heat treated hybrid system, consisting of carboxyl‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber and EXPANCEL (expandable hollow microspheres) as modifiers for an epoxy resin. It was found that the fracture toughness of the hybrid system is higher than that of either individually EXPANCEL‐ or CTBN‐modified system for a given content of modifier, although the maximum toughness was not substantially high compared with maxima of single modifier systems. Microscopic examination revealed that damage zone due to CTBN particles ahead of the crack reduces due to the presence of EXPANCEL particles and nevertheless its fracture toughness increased. A possibility was deduced that the cavitation due to CTBN assists with promoting compressive stresses around EXPANCEL particles ahead of the crack tip, resulting in increase in fracture toughness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4470–4475, 2006

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Menstrual and Reproductive Factors and Risk of Lung Cancer among Chinese women, Eastern Gansu Province, 1994-1998.

Cited by 34 publications

References 24 publications

Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer in women: A prospective cohort study

Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer in women: A prospective cohort study

Soy consumption reduces the risk of non‐small‐cell lung cancers with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations among Japanese

Hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer risk in Chinese

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