Menstrual Suppression in Adolescent and Young Adult Transgender Males

Alaniz, Veronica I.; Sheeder, J.L.; Whitmore, G.T.; Wilde, Melyssa; Hutchens, K.J.; Nokoff, Natalie; Reirden, Daniel; Huguele, P.S.

doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2022.10.007

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…11 Another recent study explored bleeding patterns among 220 TGD adolescents starting testosterone gender-affirming hormone, gonadotropinreleasing hormone analogue, hormonal treatment for menstrual suppression, or a combination of these. 12 They showed that amenorrhea was achieved most rapidly using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue and norethindrone acetate (77 and 78 days, respectively) compared with testosterone (151 days) and IM medroxyprogesterone (182 days). 12 Improving gender dysphoria was reported as the most common indication for menstrual suppression among individuals already on this treatment in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 They showed that amenorrhea was achieved most rapidly using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue and norethindrone acetate (77 and 78 days, respectively) compared with testosterone (151 days) and IM medroxyprogesterone (182 days). 12 Improving gender dysphoria was reported as the most common indication for menstrual suppression among individuals already on this treatment in our study. This desire to suppress periods may be due to the fact that menstruation is considered a feminine trait.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 However, data on the use of menstrual suppression in TGD adolescents are limited. Only a few retrospective studies have been published, [8][9][10][11][12] with relatively small sample sizes ranging from 101 to 231, and three of these were based on the same cohort. [9][10][11] These studies showed high interest in menstrual suppression in this population, with the main goals of achieving amenorrhea and improving menstrual-related dysphoria.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of Menstrual Suppression and Its Association With Mental Health in Transgender Adolescents

Moussaoui,

O'Connell,

Elder

et al. 2023

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence, nature, and effectiveness of menstrual suppression in transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescents, and to explore whether there is an association between menstrual suppression and mental health in this population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed of TGD adolescents assigned female at birth attending their first appointment at a specialist pediatric gender service between February 2017 and December 2021. Demographic and mental health data were collected using a questionnaire at the time of first visit, and information regarding menstrual suppression at this time was retrieved from the medical record. RESULTS: A total of 530 TGD individuals were included; 131 (24.7%) were on menstrual suppression at their initial visit, mainly to help alleviate gender dysphoria. Combined oral contraceptive pills were the most common agent used (n=61, 46.6%), followed by norethindrone (n=39, 29.8%) and intramuscular medroxyprogesterone (n=19, 14.5%). Rates of effectiveness (in stopping menstruation) and patient satisfaction were high. Among the 399 individuals not on menstrual suppression, there was strong interest in starting this treatment. No differences in the risk of gender dysphoria, depression, or anxiety were observed between those who were receiving menstrual suppression and those who were not. CONCLUSION: Effectiveness of and satisfaction with menstrual suppression were high in TGD adolescents receiving this treatment. These findings support the routine exploration and management of menstrual health in TGD adolescents. However, menstrual suppression was not associated with any difference in gender dysphoria, depression, or anxiety symptoms in this cross-sectional study, and longitudinal studies are required to better investigate this.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Characteristics of Menstrual Suppression and Its Association With Mental Health in Transgender Adolescents

Moussaoui,

O'Connell,

Elder

et al. 2023

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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“…11 The experience of gender incongruity or dysphoria is another welldocumented source of barriers to health equity, including the lack of access to appropriate contraceptive, menstrual, pregnancy-related, and general medical care. 5,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] For this reason, a shared decision-making (SDM) model is essential for providing menstrual healthcare to TGD AYA. SDM frames the patient as the expert in their own needs and the healthcare provider as an expert guide in helping the patient decide which specific interventions best match the patients' desires.…”

Section: Shared Decision-making Framework and Equitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible interventions for menstrual management in adolescents and young adults with gender incongruence

Roden

2023

Clin Med�Insights�Reprod�Health

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The newly released World Professional Association for Transgender Health Standards of Care, 8th Edition specify that adolescents should be offered menstrual suppression as part of their treatment plans to suppress menses and alleviate dysphoria, provide contraception, or improve irregular bleeding on testosterone therapy. This is a review of current evidence-based options for reversible interventions for menstrual suppression in adolescents with gender dysphoria or incongruence. Shared decision-making should be used by the clinician at all times, and the clinician should be intentional in prioritizing the patient’s stated needs and desires when offering interventions. No method should be withheld due to the experience of gender incongruence alone. Contraceptive options offering menstrual suppression include depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel intrauterine systems, progestin-only contraceptive pills, and combined hormonal contraceptives. Non-contraceptive options include norethindrone acetate, oral medroxyprogesterone acetate, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues/agonists, and danazol. Certain patients may also benefit from non-pharmacologic interventions, such as specialty menstrual underwear. Plain language summary Using medicine to stop Menstrual periods in teens with gender incongruence Summary: Newly released recommendations for the care of teens and young adults with gender dysphoria or incongruence specifically recommend using medications to get rid of menstrual periods if desired or medically necessary. Patients may ask for this to help improve dysphoria, as a feature they want in birth control, or simply because they do not want to have periods. Because temporarily getting rid of periods is something that doctors can do for any patient old enough to have periods, patients with gender dysphoria should also be able to have their periods temporarily stopped using medications if requested. Doctors should ensure that they always help the patient make a decision that is right for them instead of prescribing what they think is right without considering the patient’s input. Options for temporarily getting rid of periods can include birth control, such as oral contraceptive pills, patches, or rings; intrauterine devices; or shots, and it can also be done with things that are not birth control, such a progesterone pills or puberty blockers. Finally, some patients may only need improved period hygiene with period underwear to feel better in their bodies.

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Introduction

Tomlinson

2024

Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change

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This introduction explores the emergence of the global menstrual movement, tracing its roots back to the early twentieth century. Focussing on Great Britain, this chapter identifies the key aims of the menstrual movement as well as the political and educational changes this movement has inspired. Drawing on scholarly literature, it examines five topics with which the movement in Great Britain is concerned, namely, menstrual stigma, ‘period poverty’, sustainability, menstrual health conditions, as well as inclusion and intersectionality. The introduction situates the book within critical menstruation studies, feminist scholarship, social movement studies, and the broader disciplines of sociology and communication whilst also highlighting its original contribution to these areas.

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Menstrual Suppression in Adolescent and Young Adult Transgender Males

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Characteristics of Menstrual Suppression and Its Association With Mental Health in Transgender Adolescents

Characteristics of Menstrual Suppression and Its Association With Mental Health in Transgender Adolescents

Reversible interventions for menstrual management in adolescents and young adults with gender incongruence

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