“…The introduction of the causal random forest Imbens, 2015, 2016;Wager and Athey, 2018; as an extension of the random forest (Ho, 1995;Breiman, 2001) that focuses on causality paved the way for its adoption in economics and finance. Since then, causal forests and similar techniques related to heterogeneous treatment effects have been frequently applied in economics and finance (Mullainathan and Spiess, 2017;Davis and Heller, 2017;Bertrand et al, 2017;Strittmatter, 2018;Medina and Pagel, 2021;Bernard, 2022). In consumption research, Andini et al (2018) use decision trees to predict consumption responses of individuals to a tax rebate.…”