Mental Development in the Child and the Race. Methods and Processes

Baldwin, James Mark

doi:10.1097/00005053-190807000-00028

Cited by 94 publications

(97 citation statements)

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“…Philosophers have discussed whether an analogy between self and other plays a role in our treatment of others as intentional agents (Baldwin, 1906;Goldman, 2005;Gordon, 2005;Hume, 1962;Husserl, 1960;Lipps, 1907;Smith, 1966). 2 The problem has traditionally been that this self-other connection was thought to be a late achievement and perhaps dependent on language, and therefore thought not to play a formative role during infancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ‘like me’ framework for recognizing and becoming an intentional agent

2007

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Infant imitation demonstrates that the perception and production of human action are closely linked by a 'supramodal' representation of action. This action representation unites observation and execution into a common framework, and it has far-reaching implications for the development of social cognition. It allows infants to see the behaviors of others as commensurate with their ownas 'like me.' Based on the 'like me' perception of others, social encounters are interpretable and informative. Infants can use themselves as a framework for understanding others and can learn about the possibilities and consequences of their own potential acts by observing the behavior of others. Through social interaction with other intentional agents who are viewed as 'like me,' infants develop a richer social cognition. This paper explores the early manifestations and cascading developmental effects of the 'like me' conception.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ‘like me’ framework for recognizing and becoming an intentional agent

2007

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“…The rich psychological web in which imitation is situated-learning, communication, perception-action links, memory, and representation-has made it an enduring topic in developmental psychology (Baldwin, 1906;Piaget, 1962) and an issue in philosophy of mind (Campbell, 1994;Goldman, 1992). Recently, there has been an explosion of interest in how imitation informs models of early cognitive development (Bower, 1989; Meltzoff, Kuhl, & Moore, 1991), "theory of mind" research (Bruner & Feldman, 1993;Meltzoff, 1990a Meltzoff, , 1994Meltzoff & Gopnik, 1993;Perner, 1991;Wellman, 1993), language (Kuhl & Meltzoff, in press;Speidel & Nelson, 1989; Studdert-Kennedy, 1986), and comparative psychology (Tomasello, Kruger, & Ratner, 1993;Zentall & Galef, 1988).…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imitation, memory, and the representation of persons

Meltzoff

Moore

1994

Infant Behavior and Development

445

143

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Imitation was tested both immediately and after a 24-hr retention interval in 6-week-old infants. The results showed immediate imitation, which replicates past research, and also imitation from memory, which is new. The latter finding implicates recall memory and establishes that 6-weekolds can generate actions on the basis of stored representations. The motor organization involved in imitation was investigated through a microanalysis of the matching response. Results revealed that infants gradually modified their behavior towards more accurate matches over successive trials. It is proposed that early imitation serves a social identity function. Infants are motivated to imitate after a 24-hr delay as a means of clarifying whether the person they see before them is the same one they previously encountered. They use the reenactment of a person's behavior to probe whether this is the same person. In the domain of inanimate objects, infants use physical manipulations (e.g., shaking) to perform this function. Imitation is to understanding people as physical manipulation is to understanding things. Motor imitation, the behavioral reenactment of things people do, is a primitive means of understanding and communicating with people. Keywordsimitation; memory; mental representation; faces; cross-modal; motor coordination; self; identity; communication; theory of mind; development Children learn by watching adults. Young children often do as parents do instead of as parents say, suggesting that visual models exert a powerful influence on children's actions. In infancy, before language, imitation plays an especially prominent role: It is an avenue for teaching motor skills and also embodies a mutuality and reciprocity that is the essence of communication at the nonverbal level. As apparently simple and commonplace as imitation is, it presents some of the deepest puzzles for theories of infancy. In order to imitate, the child must see the adult's actions, use this visual perception as a basis for an action plan, and execute the motor output. Thus, imitation taps perception, cross-modal coordination, and motor control. If imitation takes place after a significant delay, memory is also involved. The type of memory indexed by imitation is not merely recognition memory, because the infant is doing more than seeing a pattern as familiar or novel. The infant must generate an action on the basis of a memory, thus illustrating a primitive form of nonverbal recall memory (Mandler, 1990;Meltzoff, 1985Meltzoff, , 1988aMeltzoff, , 1990b.Correspondence and requests for reprints should be sent to Andrew N. Meltzoff, Department of Psychology (WJ-10), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThe rich psychological web in which imitation is situated-learning, communication, perception-action links, memory, and representation-has made it an enduring topic in developmental psychology (Baldwin, 1906;Piaget, 1962) and an issue in philosophy of...

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“…The latter, in turn, followed the analogy of evolution and learning [57,58]. Simonton's theory stipulates three stages of problem solving: blind variation, selection and retention.…”

Section: Models Of Creative Problem Solvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the Enigma of Human Creativity: Can a Digital Computer Think?

Hong¹

2013

J Comput Sci Syst Biol

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The objective of the present article is a) to explain humans' high creativity in non-mystic and unambiguous terms, b) to evaluate the performance of problem-solving computer programs and c) to make suggestions about future designs of heuristics. Unlike many previous attempts in the past century, we sought inspiration from two sources that had been neglected or excluded from considerations by experts: artificial intelligence and introspections of a number of highly creative individuals, who confessed that they had a penchant for visual thinking. Simonton's chance-configuration model was refurbished accordingly. It is now possible for the refurbished model to explain a number of outstanding puzzles that had eluded our predecessors: a) what intuition is, b) why creators had no idea about their source of inspiration even after the fact, c) a peculiar event happening at the discovery time, known as the "aha" phenomenon, d) a type of accidental discoveries known as serendipity. Moreover, the elusive concept of abduction advanced by philosopher Charles Peirce is actually visual thinking in disguise. Blessed with this new understanding, we could evaluate the performance of a number of problem-solving computer programs from a cognitive point of view. It turned out that the common thread that links human creativity and computerbased creative problem solving is heuristic searching. Recognizing that a digital computer must perform heuristic searching in a digital environment, which is not the most user-friendly environment to do so, we made suggestions about how to circumvent the restrictions without sacrificing the principles in future designs of heuristics.

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Mental Development in the Child and the Race. Methods and Processes

Cited by 94 publications

References 0 publications

The ‘like me’ framework for recognizing and becoming an intentional agent

The ‘like me’ framework for recognizing and becoming an intentional agent

Imitation, memory, and the representation of persons

Deciphering the Enigma of Human Creativity: Can a Digital Computer Think?

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