Mental Health and Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors Among Black and Latinx Transgender Youth Compared With Peers

Vance, Stanley R.; Boyer, Cherrie B.; Glidden, David V.; Sevelius, Jae

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3256

Cited by 45 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Furthermore, among adolescents with a history of sexual activity, Black/African American youth had a decreased risk for depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicide plan in comparison to their White peers, while Hispanic youth had a decreased risk for suicidal ideation in comparison to White peers as well. Future research could consider these demographic factors as potential moderators in the association between ESI and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as with a lifetime history of forced sexual intercourse, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as a childhood history of sexual violence and victimization, race/ethnicity, and both sexual orientation and gender identity have been associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among youth [2,67,68].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between First Sexual Intercourse and Sexual Violence Victimization, Symptoms of Depression, and Suicidal Behaviors among Adolescents in the United States: Findings from 2017 and 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Baiden

Panisch

Kim

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The objective of this study was to investigate the association between first sexual intercourse and sexual violence victimization, symptoms of depression, and suicidal ideation among sexually active adolescents in the United States. Data for this study came from the U.S. 2017 and 2019 iterations of the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. An analytic sample of 6252 adolescents aged 14–18 years old (49.5% female) who reported ever having sexual intercourse was analyzed using Poisson regression. The outcome variables investigated in this study were sexual violence victimization, symptoms of depression, suicidal ideation, a suicide plan, and suicide attempts, and the main explanatory variables were age at first sexual intercourse and forced sexual intercourse. We also analyzed differences by gender and race. Of the 6252 adolescents who reported ever having sexual intercourse, 7.1% had their first sexual intercourse before age 13, and 14.8% experienced forced sexual intercourse. About 16% of adolescents experienced sexual violence during the past year, 42.6% reported symptoms of depression, 23.9% experienced suicidal ideation, 19.3% made a suicide plan, and 11.1% attempted suicide during the past year. In the regression analysis, early sexual intercourse was significantly and positively associated with suicidal ideation (relative risk (RR) = 1.15, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.02–1.30), suicide plan (RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.00–1.38), and suicide attempts (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.15–1.61). Controlling for the effects of covariates, history of forced sexual intercourse was positively associated with the five outcomes examined with the relative risk ranging between 1.59 and 6.01. Findings of this study suggest that history of early or forced sexual intercourse is associated with poor mental health outcomes among adolescents and underscores the importance of developing interventions that offer psychological support in reducing the adverse impact of early sexual intercourse and forced sexual intercourse on adolescent health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between First Sexual Intercourse and Sexual Violence Victimization, Symptoms of Depression, and Suicidal Behaviors among Adolescents in the United States: Findings from 2017 and 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Baiden

Panisch

Kim

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Just as people use a mirror to check appearance, social mirroring involves use of the affirming and positive responses of others to see positive traits within the self. 25,26 To feel authentic and vital in the world is to be recognized by others for who you are. Gender-affirming hormones not only facilitate internal harmony between body and psyche for the youth; they also allow this type of validating recognition, based on others more likely seeing them as the gender they know themselves to as a result of the changes in appearance affected by hormone replacement.…”

Section: -T or +T: Shifts In One's Social Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As delineated in the work of Winnicott and Kohut, others serve as a mirror that reflects back a sense of self‐worth and value to an individual. Just as people use a mirror to check appearance, social mirroring involves use of the affirming and positive responses of others to see positive traits within the self 25,26 . To feel authentic and vital in the world is to be recognized by others for who you are.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factoring in the added dimension of intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and gender, careful attention to the social dimensions of the effects of gender‐affirming hormones on gender affirmation and well‐being is particularly important for trans youth of color, both transfeminine and transmasculine. A study conducted at UCSF found that Black and LatinX transgender youth indicated even higher rates of gender stress and harassment, without protective factors in place, when compared to white transgender youth 26 . It could be posited that transgender youth of color will potentially accrue even greater mental health benefits from the increase in positive mirroring and decrease in microaggressions that accompany a better alignment between inner knowledge of one's self and physical presentation of self as the hormones take effect an important consideration given that transyouth of color have also been reported to have less access to gender‐affirming medical care than their white counterparts 26 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Take the T out, put the T in: Gender‐affirming hormones in youth

Ehrensaft

Tishelman

2021

Andrology

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Background: An increasing number of adolescents are seeking gender care at clinics and hospital programs, and requesting gender-affirming hormonal treatment. The interventions can either include suppression of testosterone and introduction of estrogen, or suppression of estrogen and introduction of testosterone.Aims: This review article focuses on the psychosocial experiences of youth who have completed their endogenous puberty and are now requesting one of these two forms of gender-affirming hormonal treatment. We investigate the comparative profiles of these two subgroups of transgender/gender-expansive youth. Materials and Methods: Review of research data, established standards of care and practice guidelines, and clinical observations.Results: Differences and similarities are noted and discussed in several realms: genderrelated experiences prior to receiving hormonal treatment; the relationship between the physical changes and psychological experiences that accompany the introduction of testosterone or suppression of testosterone with replacement with estrogen; the intrapersonal and interpersonal implications of the treatment; considerations of fertility preservation for future family building; the role of the family in the decision-making process prior to starting a course of hormone therapy; and the capacity of youth to make informed decisions about these partially irreversible medical interventions.Discussion: Medical providers who offer gender-affirming hormonal care to youth should work with the family and allied professionals to assure that the youth's gender health is enhanced, barriers to care are removed, and mental health risks are reduced, whether the T is coming out or going in. Conclusion:The cohort of youth who come to medical providers after completing puberty, and request gender-affirming hormones in the form of increases or reductions in T have a great deal in common, and also extensive variation among them. K E Y W O R D Sgender affirmative model, gender-affirming hormones, gender expansive, TGE youth, transgender INTRODUCTIONFrom its Greek derivations, the word "andrology" literally translates to "the study of man." Historically, that meant those individuals born

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“…10,11 However, there is evidence that trans young people are at increased risk of depression, anxiety, self-harm and suicidality. 12,13 Around 10% of young people identify as sexual minorities. 14,15 The proportion of young people who are trans is unclear, but estimated at around 2%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting inclusivity and acceptance of diverse sexual and gender identities in schools: a Rapid Realist Review of universal interventions to improve mental health

Schlief

Stefanidou

Wright

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Sexual minority and trans young people are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, self-harm and suicidality than their heterosexual or cisgender peers. Improving inclusivity and acceptance of diverse sexual and gender identities, through universal interventions in schools, could prevent these mental health problems. We reviewed evidence, and developed a conceptual framework, to explain which universal interventions work, for whom, in which contexts, and why. Methods We conducted a Rapid Realist Review, with a systematic search of published, peer-reviewed and grey literature. We included reports from a call for evidence and website searches. Data were extracted in Context-Mechanism-Outcome (CMO) configurations. CMOs were developed and refined through discussions with experts by lived experience including young people, teachers, school governors and policy representatives Findings We included 53 studies, and classified interventions into five themes: Gay-Straight Alliances or similar student clubs (e.g. pride clubs), inclusive anti-bullying and harassment policies, inclusive curricula, workshops, and staff training. These interventions have the potential to reduce mental health problems among sexual minority and trans young people by reducing discrimination, bullying and feelings of unsafety, exclusion and marginalisation. The interventions appear to work best when teaching staff and school leaders are properly trained, and the school climate and community are supportive. Interventions may be less effective for boys and trans and bisexual students. Interpretation Our findings provide guiding principles for schools to develop interventions to improve the mental health of sexual minority and trans students. These findings should encourage primary research to confirm, refute or refine our programme theories.

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Mental Health and Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors Among Black and Latinx Transgender Youth Compared With Peers

Cited by 45 publications

References 48 publications

Association between First Sexual Intercourse and Sexual Violence Victimization, Symptoms of Depression, and Suicidal Behaviors among Adolescents in the United States: Findings from 2017 and 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Association between First Sexual Intercourse and Sexual Violence Victimization, Symptoms of Depression, and Suicidal Behaviors among Adolescents in the United States: Findings from 2017 and 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Take the T out, put the T in: Gender‐affirming hormones in youth

Promoting inclusivity and acceptance of diverse sexual and gender identities in schools: a Rapid Realist Review of universal interventions to improve mental health

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