Resilience as an outcome can be viewed as trajectory of stable good mental health or the quick regain of mental health during or after stressor exposure. Resilience factors (RFs) are psychological resources that buffer the potential negative effects of stress on mental health. A problem of resilience research is the large number of conceptually overlapping RFs complicating their understanding as well as the planning and evaluation of resilience interventions. The current study sheds light on interrelations of RFs in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic as a use case for major disruptions. The prospective study assessed a population sample of 1,275 German-speaking people (Mage=50.06, 51.5% female) from February 2020 to March 2021 at six critical timepoints during the pandemic. We assessed coping, hardiness, control beliefs, optimism, self-efficacy, sense of coherence (SOC), sense of mastery, social support as well as dispositional resilience as psychological RFs in February 2020, and mental health (i.e., psychopathological symptoms, COVID-19-related rumination, stress-related growth) at all timepoints. Analyses used partial correlation network models and LASSO regressions. Pre-pandemic RFs were strongly interrelated with SOC being the most central node. During the pandemic, networks for all outcomes remained stable. Pre-pandemic SOC was the strongest partial correlate of psychopathological symptoms and COVID-19-related rumination, while stress-related growth showed unique associations with positive reframing and optimism. LASSO regressions supported SOC’s incremental validity beyond other RFs for psychopathological symptoms and COVID-19-related rumination, while SOC was unrelated to stress-related growth. Either longitudinally or cross-sectionally, the sum of RFs at most accounted for 39% of the variance in mental health. Our findings provide evidence for SOC playing an important role for mental health and suggest to further examine SOC’s incremental validity. Given the differential associations for negative and positive mental health outcomes, resilience research may benefit from using multidimensional outcomes.