Mental health screening in armed forces before the Iraq war and prevention of subsequent psychological morbidity: follow-up study

Abstract

Objective To assess whether screening for mental disorder before the start of the 2003 Iraq war would have predicted subsequent mental disorders. Design Longitudinal cohort study of the United Kingdom armed forces. Participants 2820 of 2873 personnel of the three services who completed an initial questionnaire in 2002 were asked to complete a second questionnaire between June 2004 and 2 March 2006. Setting Regiments, air stations, bases, ships, and homes for those who had left the services. Main outcome measures Positive and negative likelihood ratios, and positive and negative predictive value of first assessment compared with assessment two to three years later of post-traumatic stress disorder, general health questionnaire, physical symptoms, self perception of health, and alcohol misuse for the entire group and for those deployed to the Iraq war. Results The response rate to the follow-up questionnaire was 69%, adjusted for return to senders. The positive likelihood ratio of post-traumatic stress disorder was high (13.1, 95% confidence interval 7.2 to 23.8), but the negative likelihood ratio was close to 1 (0.78, 0.67 to 0.91). The positive predictive values were low because of the low prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the period before the Iraq war. The positive likelihood ratios for the other psychological assessments varied between 2.7 and 5.6, and the negative likelihood ratios were slightly lower than for post-traumatic stress disorder, indicating that these were not good candidates for screening. Results were the same for the analyses restricted to those who were deployed. Conclusions Screening for common mental disorders before deployment in this cohort would not have reduced subsequent morbidity or predicted post-traumatic stress disorder, but this may change if there is a considerable increase in the prevalence of the disorder.

Potential mental health consequences for workers in the Ebola regions of West Africa – a lesson for all challenging environments

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Post-deployment screening for mental disorders and tailored advice about help-seeking in the UK military: a cluster randomised controlled trial

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“…In our analysis, there was no significant difference between men (12%) and women (12%). Research of men and women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan shows mixed results, and some studies Note: Weights are from random effects analysis Iraq Adler et al 51 Bliese et al 87 Cabrera et al 56 Castro et al 23 (Army) Castro et al 23 (Marines) Engelhard et al 59 Fear et al 10 (Iraq) Ferrier-Auerbach et al 61 Hoge et al 5 Hoge et al 22 (Iraq) Hoge et al 63 Kim et al 65 Lapierre et al 67 (Iraq) Luxton et al 68 Maguen et al 24 or 31 Martin et al 70 Milliken et al 45 Mulligan et al 71 Peterson et al 73 Polusny et al 75 Polusney et al 76 Riviere et al 77 Rona et al 78 Shen et al 79 (Iraq) Thomas et al 42 Vasterling et al 82 Warner et al 83 Warner et al 84 Wood et al 85 Wright et al 86 Subtotal (I 2 = 99.6%, P < 0.001)…”

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