Mental, Physical and Socio-Economic Status of Adults Living in Spain during the Late Stages of the State of Emergency Caused by COVID-19

Abstract

Research has shown that the confinement measures implemented to curb the spread of COVID-19 can have negative effects on people’s lives at multiple levels. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to better understand the mental, physical, and socio-economic status of adults living in Spain during the late stages of the state of emergency caused by COVID-19. Five hundred and forty-four individuals responded to an online survey between 3 June and 30 July 2020. They were asked to report data about their mental and physical health, financial situation, and satisfaction with the information received about the pandemic. Means, percentages, t-test, ANOVAs, and logistic regressions were computed. A third of the participants reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress, and worries about their health and the future. Participants also described mild levels of fatigue and pain during lockdown (66%), and a reduction in household income (39%). Respondents that were female, younger, single, and with lower levels of education reported experiencing a greater impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data showed that the negative effects of lockdown were present in the late stages of the state of emergency. The findings can be used to contribute to the development of programs to prevent or mitigate the negative impact of confinement measures.

Relationship between Income and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China

“…Our study employs ordinary least squares to investigate the relationship between income and individual mental health nationwide and to provide empirical evidence for the effect of income on individual mental health. The results of this paper were consistent with previous studies [ 7 ]. However, most studies used non-probability samples.…”

“…For example, Ferrara et al [ 6 ] reported that the COVID-19 disease and the restrictive government measures harmed the mental health of individuals around the world, causing fear, frustration, anger and a long list of complex negative emotions. This result was also confirmed by Sánchez et al [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. McAlearney et al [ 11 ] studied the mental health status of first responders (including police, firefighters, and emergency medical services) and their influencing factors during the pandemic.…”

“…Sánchez et al [ 7 ] argued that COVID-19 had a greater impact on the mental health of less-educated participants. Well-educated people tend to have higher incomes, healthy diets, and an optimistic outlook on life.…”

Impact of income on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Based on the 2020 China family panel survey

“…For example, Xiong et al (2022) reported that the COVID-19 pandemic had caused high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress in many different countries, which may have a negative impact on individual’s mental health. This result was also confirmed by Sánchez et al ( Huremović, 2019 ; Cao et al, 2020 ; Galli et al, 2022 ; Sánchez-Rodríguez et al, 2022 ). McAlearney et al (2022) studied the mental health status of first responders (including police, firefighters, and emergency medical services) and their influencing factors during the pandemic, and many similar studies have been conducted in the literature ( Cohen Veterans Network, 2020 ; Stogner et al, 2020 ; Hendrickson et al, 2022 ).…”

The Role of Resilience, Happiness, and Social Support in the Psychological Function during the Late Stages of the Lockdown in Individuals with and without Chronic Pain

“…In this study, only data from 434 potential participants that provided complete information were included. Although two articles have been published using data from this survey [ 16 , 17 ], neither of them addressed the question that is the focus of the current study.…”