Mental representation of landmarks on maps: Investigating cartographic visualization methods with eye tracking technology

Franke, Conrad; Schweikart, Jürgen

doi:10.1080/13875868.2016.1219912

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, this sample size generally aligns with what has been used in many other eye-tracking studies investigating map reading [45,51,52,66] as well as wayfinding and pedestrian navigation [29,[69][70][71]. For example, Kiefer, Giannopoulos and Raubal [54] had 14 participants in their experiment match map symbols and landmarks in the real environment.…”

Section: Gender Differences and Its Implications To Map Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Kiefer, Giannopoulos and Raubal [54] had 14 participants in their experiment match map symbols and landmarks in the real environment. In the study conducted by Franke and Schweikart [70], the 21 participants were separated into three groups. Each group was presented with text, icon, or vignette landmarks.…”

Section: Gender Differences and Its Implications To Map Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Exploratory Study Investigating Gender Effects on Using 3D Maps for Spatial Orientation in Wayfinding

Liao

Dong

2017

IJGI

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3D representations in applications that provide self-localization and orientation in wayfinding have become increasingly popular in recent years because of technical advances in the field. However, human factors have been largely ignored while designing 3D representations in support of pedestrian navigation. This exploratory study aims to explore gender effects on using 3D maps for spatial orientation. We designed a 3D map that combines salient 3D landmarks and 2D layouts, and evaluated gender differences in their performance during direction-pointing tasks by administrating an eye tracking experiment. The results indicate there was no significant overall gender difference on performance and visual attention. However, we observed that males using the 3D map paid more attention to landmarks in the environment and performed better than when using the conventional 2D map, whereas female performance did not show any significant difference between the two types of map usage. We also observed contrary gender differences in visual attention on landmarks between the 3D and 2D maps. While males fixated longer on landmarks than females when using the 3D map, females paid more visual attention to landmarks than males when using the 2D map. In addition, verbal protocols showed that males had more confidence while make decisions. These empirical results can be helpful in the design of map-based wayfinding enhancement tools.

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Section: Gender Differences and Its Implications To Map Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gender Differences and Its Implications To Map Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exploratory Study Investigating Gender Effects on Using 3D Maps for Spatial Orientation in Wayfinding

Liao

Dong

2017

IJGI

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“…For example, Li, Korda, Radtke, and Schwering (2014) proposed landmarks displayed on a mobile map for distinguishing between off-and on-screen landmarks. Franke and Schweikart (2016) examined the differences in users viewing three types of landmark symbols. Keil et al (2019) explored the visual salience of OSM landmark pictograms using eye fixation measures.…”

Section: Landmark Visualization For Pedestrian Navigation Mapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personalized landmark adaptive visualization method for pedestrian navigation maps: Considering user familiarity

Zhu

Shen

Zhou

et al. 2021

Transactions in GIS

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Landmark‐based pedestrian navigation can assist pedestrians in navigating successfully. Previous studies have investigated the factors affecting the cognitive efficiency of landmark visualization in terms of both the visual salience of landmarks and the personal characteristics of users. However, empirical studies and applications that consider the influence of spatial familiarity on landmark representation are limited. In this article, we propose a personalized landmark adaptive visualization method for pedestrian navigation maps considering user familiarity. We first explore the influence of spatial familiarity on landmark salience and symbols using cognitive experiments. The results showed that unfamiliar people preferred strong visual salience landmarks and image‐based symbols, while familiar people preferred strong semantic salience landmarks and text‐based symbols. Based on these results, a mathematical model of landmark salience for selecting personalized landmarks is proposed, and association rules between landmark salience and symbols are mined. Finally, the framework of a landmark visualization method is proposed based on the rules. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a prototype system is developed, and a comparative experiment is conducted with a Baidu map. Experimental results showed that the proposed method has direct practical implications for the development of pedestrian navigation systems, depending on different target users.

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“…Map-reading efficiency is significantly positively correlated with color distance [18], but deviating colors attract the attention of map readers, which could influence the interpretation of the map [19]. The quality of map symbols, such as the number of colors used and the design of symbols [12], influences the usability of a map, but different classes of symbols used to signify landmarks do not significantly affect fixation duration [20]. The hierarchy of the legend entries also significantly impacts the usability of a map [12], and while experts and novices display similar gaze patterns when using a color-ordered legend, the visual behavior of experts is more deliberate when using alphabetically ordered legends [21].…”

Section: Eye Tracking In Cartographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Prospecting in Paleontology Using a Drone-Based Orthomosaic Map: An Eye Movement Analysis

Beelders

Dollman

2021

IJGI

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Paleontological fieldwork is often a time-consuming process and resource intensive. With unexplored and remote areas, the satellite images, geology, and topography of an area are analyzed to help survey for a site. A drone-based orthomosaic map is suggested as an additional tool for virtual paleontology fossil prospecting. The use of an orthomosaic map was compared to the use of a typical satellite map when looking for fossil sites to prospect. Factors were chosen for their impact when prospecting for a fossil site and availability of data. Eye movement data were captured for a convenience sample of paleontologists from a local university. Each band within the satellite map measures 7741 × 7821 with a ground resolution of 30 m/pix, and the ground resolution of the orthomosaic map is 2.86 cm/pix with a resolution of 52,634 × 32,383. Experts displayed a gaze behavior suggestive of high analysis levels as well as being able to identify and analyze features rapidly—this is illustrated through the presence of both longer and shorter fixations. However, experts appeared to look at both maps in more detail than novices. The orthomosaic map was very successful at both attracting and keeping the attention of the map reader on certain features. It was concluded that an orthomosaic-based drone map used in conjunction with a satellite map is a useful tool for high spatial density virtual prospecting for novices and experts.

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Mental representation of landmarks on maps: Investigating cartographic visualization methods with eye tracking technology

Cited by 23 publications

References 44 publications

An Exploratory Study Investigating Gender Effects on Using 3D Maps for Spatial Orientation in Wayfinding

An Exploratory Study Investigating Gender Effects on Using 3D Maps for Spatial Orientation in Wayfinding

Personalized landmark adaptive visualization method for pedestrian navigation maps: Considering user familiarity

Virtual Prospecting in Paleontology Using a Drone-Based Orthomosaic Map: An Eye Movement Analysis

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