Mental well-being of the general population: direct and indirect effects of socioeconomic, relational and health factors

Abstract

Purpose The aim of this study was to analyse the association between individual mental well-being and social, economic, lifestyle and health factors. Methods Cross-sectional study on a representative sample of 13,632 participants (> 15y/o) from the Catalan Health Interview Survey 2013–2016 editions. Mental well-being was assessed with the Warwick–Edinburg Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Linear regressions were fitted to associate well-being and sociodemographic, relational, lifestyle and health variables according to minimally sufficient adjustment sets identified using directed acyclic graphs. Predictors entered the model in blocks of variable types and analysed individually. Direct and total effects were estimated. Results Health factors significantly contributed to mental well-being variance. Presence of a mental disorder and self-reported health had the largest effect size (eta2 = 13.4% and 16.3%). The higher individual impact from a variable came from social support (β = − 12.8, SE = 0.48, eta2 = 6.3%). A noticeable effect gradient (eta2 = 4.2%) from low to high mental well-being emerged according to economic difficulties (from β = 1.59, SE = 0.33 for moderate difficulties to β = 6.02 SE = 0.55 for no difficulties). Younger age (β = 5.21, SE = 0.26, eta2 = 3.4%) and being men (β = 1.32, SE = 0.15, eta2 = 0.6%) were associated with better mental well-being. Direct gender effects were negligible. Conclusions This study highlights health and social support as the most associated factors with individual mental well-being over socioeconomic factors. Interventions and policies aimed to these factors for health promotion would improve population mental well-being.

Professional quality of life among Spanish veterinarians

“… 36 , 61 Interestingly, previous studies have reported that, for people living in Spain, social support is one of the factors most closely associated with individual mental wellbeing 61 , 62 ; furthermore, there is a notable effect gradient from low to high mental wellbeing in accordance with financial difficulties. 61 …”

“…36,61 Interestingly, previous studies have reported that, for people living in Spain, social support is one of the factors most closely associated with individual mental wellbeing 61,62 ; furthermore, there is a notable effect gradient from low to high mental wellbeing in accordance with financial difficulties. 61 Psychological therapy, also called talking therapy, is a type of mental health treatment, alone or with medication. 63 Participants with lower job engagement and mental wellbeing were more likely to be in psychological therapy.…”

“…The mean WEMWBS score in our study was seven points higher than equine veterinary surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom 60 ; while five or six points lower than that reported among the employed population in Spain before the COVID-19 pandemic. 36,61 Interestingly, previous studies have reported that, for people living in Spain, social support is one of the factors most closely associated with individual mental wellbeing 61,62 ; furthermore, there is a notable effect gradient from low to high mental wellbeing in accordance with financial difficulties. 61 Psychological therapy, also called talking therapy, is a type of mental health treatment, alone or with medication.…”

A Fresh Evidence of Income Inequality and Health Outcomes Asymmetric Linkages in Emerging Asian Economies

“…Literature on health and social science is filled with the growing number of studies with regard to the effects of income, poverty, and social policies on a person's physical and mental well-being ( 4 , 5 ). Several studies are available in the literature which supports the notion that the socioeconomic well-being of the individuals Wanberge et al ( 6 ) and Soldevila-Domenech et al ( 7 ) or its related factors such as income Niessen et al ( 8 ), education Montez et al ( 9 ), and occupation Álvarez-Fernández ( 10 ) significantly affect the person's health condition. These studies are noted that social as well-economic factors are more important for health.…”

Religiosity, Beliefs in the Supernatural, Perceived Social Support, Resilience, and Well-being of University Students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

“…Test re-test reliability was also high at .83 (Stewart-Brown et al, 2011;Tennant et al, 2007). WEMWBS also demonstrated good discriminant, construct, and content validity (Dong et al, 2019;Soldevila-Domenech et al, 2021;Stewart-Brown et al, 2011;Taggart et al, 2013).…”