Menthol Cigarettes: Setting the Research Agenda

Clark, Pamela I.; Gardiner, Phillip S.; Djordjevic, Mirjana V.; Leischow, Scott J.; Robinson, Robert G.

doi:10.1080/14622200310001649441

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It has been proposed that the anesthetic and cooling sensation properties of menthol allow smokers of menthol cigarettes to inhale more smoke from each cigarette than smokers of nonmenthol cigarettes (17,18). It has been hypothesized that the resulting higher smoke exposure over time results in higher smoking-related diseases among smokers of menthol cigarettes (19). As previously stated, our results showed that a higher percent of black smokers smoked a menthol cigarette brand and cigarettes with a higher FTC nicotine level than white smokers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006

Caraballo

Holiday

Stellman

et al. 2011

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is examining options for regulating menthol content in cigarettes. There are many pharmacologic properties of menthol that may facilitate exposure to tobacco smoke, and it has been suggested that the preference for menthol cigarettes in black smokers accounts for their higher cotinine levels.Objective: To assess cigarettes smoked per day-adjusted cotinine levels in relation to smoking a menthol or nonmenthol cigarette brand among non-Hispanic black and white U.S. adult smokers under natural smoking conditions.Method: Serum cotinine concentrations were measured in 1,943 smokers participating in the 2001 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). The effect of smoking a menthol brand on cigarettes smoked per day-adjusted serum cotinine levels in these two populations was modeled by adjusting for sex, age, number of smokers living in the home, body weight, time since last smoked, and FTC (Federal Trade Commission)-measured nicotine levels. The 8-or 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC) on the cigarette label was used to determine the cigarette brand and whether it was menthol.Results: Smoking a menthol cigarette brand versus smoking a nonmenthol cigarette brand was not associated (P ! 0.05) with mean serum cotinine concentration in either black or white smokers.Conclusions: The higher levels of cotinine observed in black smokers compared with white smokers are not explained by their higher preference for menthol cigarette brands.Impact: Further studies like ours are needed to improve our ability to understand health consequences of future changes in tobacco product design. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1329-40. Ó2011 AACR.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006

Caraballo

Holiday

Stellman

et al. 2011

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…As is the case of this survey, Newport is the most preferred brand by a wide margin. Among Americans of all ethnicities, menthols account for 25% of the cigarette market [21]. But the races consume menthol disproportionately.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African American Adolescents and Menthol Cigarettes: Smoking Behavior Among Secondary School Students

Muilenburg¹,

Legge²

2008

Journal of Adolescent Health

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“…Further, menthol smoking rates are particularly high among younger smokers. It has been suggested that menthol cigarette smoking may contribute to the existing tobacco-related health disparities between African Americans and Caucasians (26). However, only a few studies have examined the association between menthol cigarette smoking and cessation (24,(27)(28)(29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Quit Ratios in Lifetime Smokers Ages 25 to 44 Years

Kodl

Joseph

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

126

118

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We examined racial/ethnic variations in the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and quit ratios among Caucasian, African American, Asian, and Latino lifetime smokers ages 25 to 44 years. We conducted cross-sectional analyses using data from individuals (n = 27,031) screened for enrollment in the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Nicotine Dependence. Participants were randomly sampled from three Midwestern metropolitan areas using Health Maintenance Organization membership lists in Detroit, MI and Minneapolis, MN and a driver's license registry in St. Louis, MO from March 2003 to August 2005. A telephone survey collected information on smoking history, previous quit attempts, and sociodemographic characteristics. Among lifetime smokers (n = 9,216), univariate analysis indicated that African Americans (22%) and Latinos (22%) were significantly less likely to report having ever used NRT for smoking cessation than Caucasians (31%).Asians (22%) also reported lower rates of using NRT than Caucasians, but this difference was marginally significant (P = 0.06). These disparities persisted in multivariate analysis for African Americans [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.76; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.63-0.91; P < 0.01] but not for Latinos (adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.54-1.06; P = 0.11) or Asians (adjusted OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.60-1.60; P = 0.95). As measured by the quit ratio, African Americans (35%) were less likely to have quit smoking than Caucasians (52%). This disparity persisted in multivariate logistic regression (adjusted OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56-0.78; P < 0.001). Asian and Latino smokers were as likely as Caucasians to report smoking cessation. Future prospective studies are needed to assess whether lower utilization of cessation treatments such as NRT contribute to the observed disparity in quit ratios for African Americans. (Cancer Epidemiol

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Menthol Cigarettes: Setting the Research Agenda

Cited by 25 publications

References 20 publications

Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006

Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006

African American Adolescents and Menthol Cigarettes: Smoking Behavior Among Secondary School Students

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Quit Ratios in Lifetime Smokers Ages 25 to 44 Years

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