“…Despite the importance of HPT in enhancing students' historical thinking and promoting citizenship among students, recent research has indicated that students may struggle when asked to perform thinking skills, such as HPT (e.g., Beyer, 2008;Huijgen, Van Boxtel, Van de Grift, & Holthuis, 2014;Reisman & Wineburg, 2008;Van Boxtel & Van Drie, 2012), and that history teachers may lack the requisite knowledge to promote historical reasoning competencies, such as HPT (e.g., Achinstein & Fogo, 2015;Bain & Mirel, 2006;Grant & Gradwell, 2010). Moreover, valid assignments and measurement instruments to assess students' historical reasoning competencies, such as HPT, are scarce (Breakstone, 2014;Reich, 2009;Rothstein, 2004;VanSledright, 2013).…”