“…Lecturers do not pay attention and study in depth that the same lecture does not always have the same benefits for students because it is caused by various factors that exist within the students themselves. Lecture effectiveness may also depend on the nature and material of the particular lecture (Garnodin & Hagoldin, 2022). In learning in a higher education environment, the use of appropriate learning methods is not the only way that guarantee increased student learning outcomes (Bakalim, Şanal-Karahan, & Şensoy, 2018;Danchikov, Prodanova, Kovalenko, & Bondarenko, 2021;Davis, Meloncelli, Hannigan, & Ward, 2022).…”