Mercury-free anodic stripping voltammetry of lead ions using a PVS-doped polyaniline modified glassy carbon electrode

Abstract

An anodic stripping voltammetric determination of lead ions in laboratory prepared solutions is described utilizing a poly(vinylsulfonate)-doped polyaniline modified glassy carbon electrode. The experimental signals observed were similar to those of typical stripping methods and showed excellent linearity within the micromolar concentration range studied.The advent of stripping voltammetry has improved the performance of analytical voltammetry to a considerable extent. 1 The enhanced sensitivity and lower detection limits can be achieved in this technique by enrichment of the analyte prior to voltammetric determination. The common enrichment processes include reduction of metal ions through formation of metal films or amalgams, reductive or oxidative formation of sparingly soluble salts with or without reagent addition, and adsorptive accumulation of chelates or complexes onto the electrode surface. The universal working electrodes for stripping analysis are the stationary mercury electrodes, namely the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and the electrochemically generated mercury film electrode (MFE). In some cases, carbon-based electrodes as well as the noble platinum and gold metals are used when mercury electrodes pose some complications.Recently, there has been a growing interest in the area of chemically modified electrodes for trace metal analysis. 2 Prompted by environmental issues, these investigations are also aimed at the development of mercury-free electrodes for electroanalysis in which lead is of significant concern. 3 In this communication we report a totally mercury-free voltammetric stripping technique for the analysis of lead ions using a conducting polymer modified electrode.

Development of a novel cyano group containing electrochemically deposited polymer film for ultrasensitive simultaneous detection of trace level cadmium and lead

“…We compared the sensitivity of P(DPA-co-2ABN)/GC-ME and PDPA/GC-ME with PANI films [10,20,46,47]. Generally, PANI films, electrodeposited by cyclic voltammetry, did not show stripping signals for mixed heavy metals due to its limited surface area and non-porous film morphology [10,20,46,47].…”

Overoxidized Polypyrrole Doped with 4,5-Dihydroxy-3-(p-sulfophenylazo)-2,7-naphthalene Disulfonic Acid as a Selective and Regenerable Film for the Stripping Detection of Copper(II)

“…1,2 The universal working electrodes for stripping analysis are hanging mercury drop electrodes (HMDE) and electrochemically generated mercury film electrodes (MFE). 3 Recently, because of mercury toxic effects, there has been a growing interest in the use of chemically modified electrodes (CME) for trace metal stripping analysis. With this process, accumulation usually occurs by reactions between an analyte and an immobilized modifier at the electrode surface.…”

“…With this process, accumulation usually occurs by reactions between an analyte and an immobilized modifier at the electrode surface. [1][2][3][4][5] Electrically conducting polymers (ECPs), such as polypyrrole (PPy), can be used for the immobilization of complexing reagents for trace metal complexation/accumulation with voltammetric detection of the complexed metal. 6,7 Numerous anionic ligands have been incorporated into a PPy matrix as functional dopants for the stripping analysis of metal ions.…”

Sonoelectrochemistry in Acoustically Emulsified Media: The Detection of Lead

“…One possibility is the physical adsorption of the target metal species onto the electrode surface or ligand addition to analyte to form an adsorptive complex, which is accumulated on the electrode [32]. A significant improvement of these techniques has been the electrode surface modification by various polymers deposited physically or in situ electrochemically to assure higher efficiency of accumulation, sensitivity and selectivity [33].…”