Mercury pollution: The making of an environmental crisis

Katz, Arthur M.; Krenkel, Peter A.

doi:10.1080/10643387209381589

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…They provide the matrix required for tissue cohesion and may function as antigen-presenting cells. They also synthesize and secrete several components of the complement system [24] and, as shown here, respond to cytokines which they can also synthesize. Thus, fibroblasts participate actively in local responses to inflammation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…The portion of the LPS effect not blocked by anti-IFN-fi could be due to ineffective inhibition of newly secreted IL 6 that interacts immediately with cell surface receptors, or to participation of additional secondary mediators in the LPS response. IL 1 would be a possible candidate for such an additional mediator: levels of IL 1 are increased by LPS [34], IL 1 stimulates synthesis of only factor B and C3 in fibroblasts and not of the other complement proteins synthesized in these cells [35], and IL 1 increases synthesis of factor B and C3 in cells which do not appear to synthesize IFN-62, like HepG2 cells [36]. The induction of IFN-62 mRNA by I L 1 and the positive feedback of IL 6 on its own production suggest that the interaction of LPSinduced mediators is complex, probably acting to magnify the initial local response to LPS itself.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…characteristically by a number of soluble mediators of the inflammatory process. For example, I F N y increases synthesis of all seven proteins [24], whereas LPS increases synthesis of only factor B and C3 [21, 22, 241. Here we report that IL6 increases the rate of synthesis of factor B and C3 mRNA and proteins in skin fibroblasts. This additional function of the cytokine could provide a local protection against invading infectious agents through activation of the antibody-independent alternative pathway of complement activation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interleukin 6 stimulates synthesis of complement proteins factor B and C3 in human skin fibroblasts

1989

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Human interleukin (IL) 6 is a multifunctional cytokine which is synthesized by fibroblasts in response to many stimuli, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). During acute-phase response, liver cells secrete a specific group of proteins among which components of the complement system and IL 6 appear to be an important mediator of this response. Human skin fibroblasts also synthesize at least seven proteins of the complement system. Each of these seems to be characteristically regulated by soluble mediators of the inflammatory process. Here we report that in fibroblasts, IL 6 induces increases in the rate of synthesis of factor B and C3, activator proteins of the alternative pathway of complement activation. The increases in factor B and C3 were concentration dependent reaching about 40- and 15-fold, respectively. The protein increases were observed within 4 h after IL 6 addition to the cells and were accompanied by increase in factor B and C3 mRNA. The data suggest that the induction of factor B and C3 by LPS may be mediated, at least in part, by IL 6 induced by LPS. This new function of IL 6 could provide a local protection against invading agents through activation of the antibody-independent alternative pathway of complement activation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interleukin 6 stimulates synthesis of complement proteins factor B and C3 in human skin fibroblasts

1989

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“…In addition, while substantial Hg contributions from environmental or occupational exposure are typically rare, they may complicate interpretations of intentional, medicinal uptake to treat conditions such as treponemal disease, particularly in areas with active volcanoes where atmospheric concentrations of mercury may be naturally high (Walser et al, ); when used in the manufacturing various items including hats, mirrors, lamps, and shoes (Katz & Krenkel, ; Lee, ); and where foods high in methylmercury, such as seafood, are consumed (Iyengar & Woittiez, ; Sheehan et al, ). Subsequently, control samples—including from surrounding soils, faunal bone, as well as other human skeletons with no outward expression of treponemal disease—must be analyzed alongside those individuals diagnosed with treponematosis to ensure that exogenous sources of mercury are not mistaken for treatment (Kępa et al, ; Rasmussen et al, ; Walser et al, ; Zuckerman, ).…”

Section: Archaeometry and Archaeological Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing the understanding of treponemal disease in the past and present

Baker

Crane-Kramer

Dee

et al. 2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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Syphilis was perceived to be a new disease in Europe in the late 15th century, igniting a debate about its origin that continues today in anthropological, historical, and medical circles. We move beyond this age-old debate using an interdisciplinary approach that tackles broader questions to advance the understanding of treponemal infection (syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta). How did the causative organism(s) and humans co-evolve? How did the related diseases caused by Treponema pallidum emerge in different parts of the world and affect people across both time and space? How are T. pallidum subspecies related to the treponeme causing pinta? The current state of scholarship in specific areas is reviewed with recommendations made to stimulate future work. Understanding treponemal biology, genetic relationships, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations is crucial for vaccine development today and for investigating the distribution of infection in both modern and past populations.Paleopathologists must improve diagnostic criteria and use a standard approach for recording skeletal lesions on archaeological human remains. Adequate contextualization of cultural and environmental conditions is necessary, including site dating and justification for any corrections made for marine or freshwater reservoir effects. Biogeochemical analyses may assess aquatic contributions to diet, physiological changes arising from treponemal disease and its treatments (e.g., mercury), or residential mobility of those affected. Shifting the focus from point of origin to investigating who is affected (e.g., by age/sex or socioeconomic status) and disease distribution (e.g., coastal/ inland, rural/urban) will advance our understanding of the treponemal disease and its impact on people through time. K E Y W O R D S archaeological biogeochemistry,

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“…Methyl mercury poisoning has occurred in Japan and Sweden: methyl mercury was produced by decomposition of organic mercury and methylation of inorganic mercury (Katz, 1972;Kojima and Fujita, 1973 water is one of the most important problems in the plant. This paper describes an attempt at using tylosin as the inactivation agent and preservative for HG broth bacterin.…”

Section: Introduction S Everal Investigators Have Reported Onmentioning

confidence: 99%