Mercury wet deposition in rural Korea: concentrations and fluxes

Ahn, Myeong-Chan; Yi, Seung‐Muk; Holsen, Thomas M.; Han, Yong

doi:10.1039/c1em10014a

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Figure 1 summarizes the global distribution of the observed Hg wet deposition fluxes based on results from both these global or regional networks and individual studies. Overall, East Asia has the highest wet deposition flux (on average 16.1 µg m −2 yr −1 ), especially in the southern part of China where the RM concentration level is relatively high (Fu et al, 2008(Fu et al, , 2010a(Fu et al, , b, 2016aGuo et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2009;Ahn et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2012bHuang et al, , 2013aHuang et al, , 2015Seo et al, 2012;Sheu and Lin, 2013;Marumoto and Matsuyama, 2014;Xu et al, 2014;Zhu et al, 2014;Zhao et al, 2015;Han et al, 2016;Ma et al, 2016;Nguyen et al, Qin et al, 2016;Sommar et at., 2016;Travnikov et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2018;Lu and Liu, 2018). North America has an average Hg wet deposition flux of 9.1 µg m −2 yr −1 and exhibits a descending spatial profile from the southeastern part to the northwestern part, which is consistent with the distribution of the atmospheric Hg concentration (L. Gichuki and Mason, 2014;Lynam et al, 2017).…”

Section: Wet Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric mercury deposition over the land surfaces and the associated uncertainties in observations and simulations: a critical review

et al. 2019

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Abstract. One of the most important processes in the global mercury (Hg) biogeochemical cycling is the deposition of atmospheric Hg, including gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particulate-bound mercury (PBM), to the land surfaces. Results of wet, dry, and forest Hg deposition from global observation networks, individual monitoring studies, and observation-based simulations have been reviewed in this study. Uncertainties in the observation and simulation of global speciated atmospheric Hg deposition to the land surfaces have been systemically estimated based on assessment of commonly used observation methods, campaign results for comparison of different methods, model evaluation with observation data, and sensitivity analysis for model parameterization. The uncertainties of GOM and PBM dry deposition measurements come from the interference of unwanted Hg forms or incomplete capture of targeted Hg forms, while that of GEM dry deposition observation originates from the lack of a standardized experimental system and operating procedure. The large biases in the measurements of GOM and PBM concentrations and the high sensitivities of key parameters in resistance models lead to high uncertainties in GOM and PBM dry deposition simulation. Non-precipitation Hg wet deposition could play a crucial role in alpine and coastal regions, and its high uncertainties in both observation and simulation affect the overall uncertainties of Hg wet deposition. The overall uncertainties in the observation and simulation of the total global Hg deposition were estimated to be ± (25–50) % and ± (45–70) %, respectively, with the largest contributions from dry deposition. According to the results from uncertainty analysis, future research needs were recommended, among which a global Hg dry deposition network, unified methods for GOM and PBM dry deposition measurements, quantitative methods for GOM speciation, campaigns for comprehensive forest Hg behavior, and more efforts in long-term Hg deposition monitoring in Asia are the top priorities.

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Section: Wet Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric mercury deposition over the land surfaces and the associated uncertainties in observations and simulations: a critical review

et al. 2019

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“…GEM, the predominant form (> 95 %), is very stable in the atmosphere with a lifetime of 0.5-2 yr (Schroeder and Munthe, 1998). In contrast, since RGM and Hg P have significantly higher reactivity, deposition velocities, and water solubility than GEM, deposition of atmospheric mercury is largely dominated by RGM and Hg P (Fu et al, 2010a;Ahn et al, 2011;Sakata and Asakura, 2007;Zhang et al, 2009). Atmospheric deposition is widely recognized as the only process for scavenging of atmospheric mercury and an important source of mercury to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Lindberg et al, 1998;Miller et al, 2005;Selvendiran et al, 2008;, Rolfhus et al, 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of atmospheric mercury deposition and size-fractionated particulate mercury in urban Nanjing, China

et al. 2014

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Abstract.A comprehensive measurement study of mercury wet deposition and size-fractionated particulate mercury (Hg P ) concurrent with meteorological variables was conducted from June 2011 to February 2012 to evaluate the characteristics of mercury deposition and particulate mercury in urban Nanjing, China. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration of mercury in rainwater was 52.9 ng L −1 with a range of 46.3-63.6 ng L −1 . The wet deposition per unit area was averaged 56.5 µg m −2 over 9 months, which was lower than that in most Chinese cities, but much higher than annual deposition in urban North America and Japan. The wet deposition flux exhibited obvious seasonal variation strongly linked with the amount of precipitation. Wet deposition in summer contributed more than 80 % to the total amount. A part of contribution to wet deposition of mercury from anthropogenic sources was evidenced by the association between wet deposition and sulfates, as well as nitrates in rainwater. The ions correlated most significantly with mercury were formate, calcium, and potassium, which suggested that natural sources including vegetation and resuspended soil should be considered as an important factor to affect the wet deposition of mercury in Nanjing. The average Hg P concentration was 1.10 ± 0.57 ng m −3 . A distinct seasonal distribution of Hg P concentrations was found to be higher in winter as a result of an increase in the PM 10 concentration. Overall, more than half of the Hg P existed in the particle size range less than 2.1 µm. The highest concentration of Hg P in coarse particles was observed in summer, while Hg P in fine particles dominated in fall and winter. The size distribution of averaged mercury content in particulates was bimodal, with two peaks in the bins of < 0.7 µm and 4.7-5.8 µm. Dry deposition per unit area of Hg P was estimated to be 47.2 µg m −2 using meteorological conditions and a size-resolved particle dry deposition model. This was 16.5 % less than mercury wet deposition. Compared to Hg P in fine particles, Hg P in coarse particles contributed more to the total dry deposition due to higher deposition velocities. Negative correlation between precipitation and the Hg P concentration reflected the effect of scavenging of Hg P by precipitation.

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“…The higher levels of mercury deposition in Seoul compared to Chuncheon city might be due to the presence of the coal-powered plant located in the southwest part of the Seoul, and several incineration plants in Seoul. The levels of mercury wet deposition in Korea were also monitored, compared to other countries, and are summarized in Table 2 [57,58]. As shown in Table 2, the quantity of wet deposition in Korea is the highest in the world except for China.…”

Section: Fate and Transport And Exposure Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 1 From Seo YS, et al Atmos Environ 2012;49:69-76 [57] and and reference cited therein. 2 From Ahn MC, et al J Environ Monit 2011;13:2748-2754 [58]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Fate and Transport of Mercury in Environmental Media and Human Exposure

Kim

Zoh

2012

J Prev Med Public Health

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Mercury is emitted to the atmosphere from various natural and anthropogenic sources, and degrades with difficulty in the environment. Mercury exists as various species, mainly elemental (Hg0) and divalent (Hg2+) mercury depending on its oxidation states in air and water. Mercury emitted to the atmosphere can be deposited into aqueous environments by wet and dry depositions, and some can be re-emitted into the atmosphere. The deposited mercury species, mainly Hg2+, can react with various organic compounds in water and sediment by biotic reactions mediated by sulfur-reducing bacteria, and abiotic reactions mediated by sunlight photolysis, resulting in conversion into organic mercury such as methylmercury (MeHg). MeHg can be bioaccumulated through the food web in the ecosystem, finally exposing humans who consume fish. For a better understanding of how humans are exposed to mercury in the environment, this review paper summarizes the mechanisms of emission, fate and transport, speciation chemistry, bioaccumulation, levels of contamination in environmental media, and finally exposure assessment of humans.

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Mercury wet deposition in rural Korea: concentrations and fluxes

Cited by 30 publications

References 49 publications

Atmospheric mercury deposition over the land surfaces and the associated uncertainties in observations and simulations: a critical review

Atmospheric mercury deposition over the land surfaces and the associated uncertainties in observations and simulations: a critical review

Characteristics of atmospheric mercury deposition and size-fractionated particulate mercury in urban Nanjing, China

Fate and Transport of Mercury in Environmental Media and Human Exposure

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