Merging Theoretical Models and Therapy Approaches in the Context of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Personal Perspective

Young, Kimberly; Brand, Matthias

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01853

Cited by 72 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…The integration should make offline-first as the orientation, and may facilitate integration level through communication as a first step, with subsequent work involving transference of each domain to the other to achieve more consistency and harmony between the online and the real world. Since the Internet addicts usually use the Internet as an escape ( Young and Brand, 2017 ), programs may be developed to decrease people’s problematic Internet use by improving the level of integration of online and offline spaces, and such possibilities should be explored and examined directly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Online and Offline Integration Hypothesis for Healthy Internet Use: Theory and Preliminary Evidence

Lin

Potenza

2018

Front. Psychol.

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The Internet has become an integral part of our daily life, and how to make the best use of the Internet is important to both individuals and the society. Based on previous studies, an Online and Offline Integration Hypothesis is proposed to suggest a framework for considering harmonious and balanced Internet use. The Integration Hypothesis proposes that healthier patterns of Internet usage may be achieved through harmonious integration of people’s online and offline worlds. An online/offline integration is proposed to unite self-identity, interpersonal relationships, and social functioning with both cognitive and behavioral aspects by following the principles of communication, transfer, consistency, and “offline-first” priorities. To begin to test the hypothesis regarding the relationship between integration level and psychological outcomes, data for the present study were collected from 626 undergraduate students (41.5% males). Participants completed scales for online and offline integration, Internet addiction, pros and cons of Internet use, loneliness, extraversion, and life satisfaction. The findings revealed that subjects with higher level of online/offline integration have higher life satisfaction, greater extraversion, and more positive perceptions of the Internet and less loneliness, lower Internet addiction, and fewer negative perceptions of the Internet. Integration mediates the link between extraversion and psychological outcomes, and it may be the mechanism underlying the difference between the “rich get richer” and social compensation hypotheses. The implications of the online and offline integration hypothesis are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Online and Offline Integration Hypothesis for Healthy Internet Use: Theory and Preliminary Evidence

Lin

Potenza

2018

Front. Psychol.

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“…In addition, because auditory cues can create strong motivation states, removing such cues (e.g., by silencing the phone) can help people prevent and reduce impulsive use of communication applications. Additionally, interactions between impulsivity and general executive functions as well as specific inhibitory control should be kept in mind in the context of clinical treatment 83 . Neuropsychological training could support the reflective system and respective cognitive resources in suppressing impulsive responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of impulsivity, general executive functions, and specific inhibitory control explain symptoms of social-networks-use disorder: An experimental study

Wegmann

Müller

Turel

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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disorder and gaming disorder are included as specific forms of disorders due to addictive behaviors. Both can be further subcategorized as occurring predominantly offline or online. The definitions of gambling disorder and gaming disorder include symptoms similar to those of disorders due to substance-use, i.e. impaired control over the behavior, increasing priority given to the behavior by neglecting other interests or activities, and continuation of the behavior despite negative consequences 9. Even though social-networks-use disorder has not yet been officially classified, researchers already outline that this addiction-like behavior may be comparable to other behavioral addictions or substance-use disorders, at least along several dimensions 10-12. From a neuropsychological perspective, addictive behaviors (out of control behaviors that produce typical addiction symptoms) are assumed to result from an imbalance between two interacting neural systems. More specifically, it is assumed that a hyperactivity of an impulsive system, which enables quick and emotional responses towards immediately gratifying options, undermines cognitive control processes of a reflective system resulting in addictive behaviors; e.g., 13-15. The reflective system is associated with prefrontal cortex operations, such as executive functions and inhibitory control, which enable the control of impulsive responses 13,16-19. According to Goldstein and Volkow 14 , dysfunctions in respective brain regions contribute to impairments in response inhibition. Situational factors (e.g. the presence of specific cues) and individual predisposing factors (e.g. personality traits) are assumed to interactively influence the way impulsive and reflective processes influence the decision to perform (or not to perform) a specific behavior see also 20. In accordance with such dual-process approaches and previous theoretical models 21-23 , the I-PACE (Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution) model by Brand, et al. 24 builds on empirical findings from behavioral and neuroimaging studies and summarizes the process of the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors. According to this model, individual predisposing variables, including trait impulsivity, affect the subjective perception of situational cues. Situational factors (e.g. confrontation with addiction-related cues, stress, and personal conflicts) are assumed to interact with individual coping styles and cognitive biases, leading to affective and cognitive responses, e.g. cue-reactivity, craving, and attentional bias 24,25. Furthermore, inhibitory control and general executive functions, which encompass several cognitive processes such as retrieval and integration of information, cognitive flexibility, planning, monitoring, updating, strategy evaluation and application, as well as attention and inhibitory control 20,26,27 , buffer against addictive behavior enactment and the development of addiction symptoms. Reductions in general executive functions and inhibitory control intensify a spe...

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“…The I‐PACE model proposed by Brand et al (), for example, posits that IGD is maintained by diminished cognitive control, which inhibits decision‐making processes resulting in the decision to play video games. Young and Brand () argue that CBT techniques may be particularly useful to target the maladaptive processes that contribute to IGD as described in the I‐PACE model and other related models of gaming disorder. An apparent advantage of CBT over other therapies, including pharmacological treatment, is its ability to target and modify maladaptive cognitions that underlie gaming behaviours that generate harm and/or distress.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive–behavioral therapy for Internet gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Stevens

King

Dorstyn

et al. 2018

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

191

120

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Objective Although there is sufficient research and clinical evidence to support the inclusion of gaming disorder in the latest revision of the International Classification of Diseases, relatively little is known about the effectiveness of first‐line psychological treatment for gaming disorder or internet gaming disorder (IGD) as it is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. This systematic review employed meta‐analytic techniques to determine the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) for IGD on four key outcomes: IGD symptoms, anxiety, depression, and time spent gaming. Method A database search identified 12 independent CBT studies. Effect size estimates (Hedges' g) with associated confidence intervals, prediction intervals, and p values for each pre–post treatment outcome, were calculated. Study reporting quality was evaluated in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines. Subgroup and moderator analyses were undertaken to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. Results CBT demonstrated high efficacy in reducing IGD symptoms (g = 0.92; [0.50, 1.34]) and depression (g = 0.80, [0.21, 1.38]), and showed moderate efficacy in reducing anxiety (g = 0.55, [0.17, 0.93]) at post‐test. There was insufficient power to determine whether CBT was capable of reducing time spent gaming. Treatment gains at follow‐up were nonsignificant across the four treatment outcomes. Conclusions The pooled findings suggest that CBT for IGD is an effective short‐term intervention for reducing IGD and depressive symptoms. However, the effectiveness of CBT for reducing actual time spent gaming was unclear. Given the limitations of this evidence base, there is a need for more rigorous studies to determine the potential long‐term benefits of CBT for IGD. Public Health Significance Statement Given the rise in treatment demand for internet gaming disorder (IGD) and problematic gaming, it is necessary to determine which treatments are most effective for whom and under which conditions. This review shows that cognitive‐behavioural therapy for IGD, which is often considered the first‐line therapy, can improve IGD symptoms and comorbid depression. However, treatment gains tend to be short‐term and their effect in reducing time spent gaming is unclear. Programs that target problematic gaming may be improved by additional support beyond the standard program of therapy sessions. More funding and resources are needed to support the development of a more rigorous evidence base on IGD and its treatment.

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Merging Theoretical Models and Therapy Approaches in the Context of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Personal Perspective

Cited by 72 publications

References 99 publications

Development of an Online and Offline Integration Hypothesis for Healthy Internet Use: Theory and Preliminary Evidence

Development of an Online and Offline Integration Hypothesis for Healthy Internet Use: Theory and Preliminary Evidence

Interactions of impulsivity, general executive functions, and specific inhibitory control explain symptoms of social-networks-use disorder: An experimental study

Cognitive–behavioral therapy for Internet gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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