This work reports a synthetic strategy
to transform insulating
imine-functionalized silica gel (IMSG) (through simple reaction with
resorcinol molecules) to conducting iminium–enaminium-substituted
resorcinol modified silica gel (I-ERSG), as an efficient electrocatalyst
toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a nonaqueous electrolyte.
The imine functionalities on the surface of silica react via unique
reaction pathways to yield tautomers of I-ERSG as confirmed through
spectroscopic analysis (Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic
resonance). FE-SEM images reveal densely packed discrete spherical
particles of I-ERSG, supported by N2 sorption isotherms.
The presence of multiple conjugations (CC and CN+) in I-ERSG is confirmed by UV–vis spectra, which is
reaffirmed by a red shift with higher absorbance in the corresponding
diffused reflectance spectra. Also, the cross-linking of resorcinol
on the surface of IMSG follows covalent interactions as confirmed
by time-evolution UV–vis spectra. The electrocatalytic behavior
of I-ERSG toward ORR in a nonaqueous electrolyte follows the unusual
2e– reduction, and the activity is relatively superior
(onset potential: −0.59 V vs Ag/Ag+; current density: 2.5 mA/cm2) and reversible than their
pristine counterparts. Here, the hydroxyl groups present in I-ERSG
act as the proton source in transforming the 1e– to 2e– oxygen reductive pathways with the formation
of O2
– and HO2 as the intermediates.