Merozoite surface protein 2 of Plasmodium reichenowi is a unique mosaic of Plasmodium falciparum allelic forms and species-specific elements1Note: Nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper are available in the EMBL, GenBank™ and DDJB databases under the accession number: Y14731.1

Dubbeld, Martin A.; Kocken, Clemens H. M.; Thomas, Alan W.

doi:10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00244-2

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It has been proposed that these two allele families originated after the P. reichenowi - P. falciparum split [44,70]. One line of evidence for this came from the so-called repeat homology regions or RHRs [44,70], where repeats observed in P. reichenowi showed similarities with one allele family or the other. Figure 7 depicts the amino acid alignment of the msp2 allele families and the new sequences of P. reichenowi (isolate 20, mixed infection) and Plasmodium sp .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…parasite or in the FC27 family. Attempts were made to identify the second RHR [44,70] (in blue) that is shared among P. reichenowi and P. falciparum. However, the patterns do not seem clear and whether it is actually homologous was difficult to determine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the msp2 , it has been proposed that these two major groups of alleles (also referred as allele families) originated soon after the P. reichenowi - P. falciparum split [42,44,70]. This contrasts with the allele families in msp1 that are considered an old polymorphism [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data presented here indicates that the diversity of msp2 alleles observed in P. falciparum originated after the P. falciparum - P. reichenowi split. This hypothesis was originally proposed by the discovery of the so-called mosaic structure of P. reichenowi MSP2 [44,70], however, it was still possible that additional data from other Laverania species could provide evidence of an older polymorphism in msp2 . Indeed, some motifs are conserved among the different allele families, and P. reichenowi and Plasmodium sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malarial parasite diversity in chimpanzees: the value of comparative approaches to ascertain the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum antigens

Pacheco

Cranfield

Cameron

et al. 2013

Malar J

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BackgroundPlasmodium falciparum shares its most recent common ancestor with parasites found in African apes; these species constitute the so-called Laverania clade. In this investigation, the evolutionary history of Plasmodium lineages found in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was explored.MethodsHere, the remainders of 74 blood samples collected as part of the chimpanzees’ routine health examinations were studied. For all positive samples with parasite lineages belonging to the Laverania clade, the complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), the gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts), the chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt), the circumsporozoite protein (csp), merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2), and the DBL-1 domain from var2CSA were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Other Plasmodium species were included in the mtDNA, dhfr-ts, and csp analyses. Phylogenetic and evolutionary genetic analyses were performed, including molecular clock analyses on the mtDNA.Results/ConclusionsNine chimpanzees were malaria positive (12.2%); four of those infections were identified as P. falciparum, two as a Plasmodium reichenowi-like parasite or Plasmodium sp., one as Plasmodium gaboni, and two as Plasmodium malariae. All P. falciparum isolates were resistant to chloroquine indicating that the chimpanzees acquired such infections from humans in recent times. Such findings, however, are not sufficient for implicating chimpanzees as an animal reservoir for P. falciparum.Timing estimates support that the Laverania clade has co-existed with hominids for a long-period of time. The proposed species P. gaboni, Plasmodium billbrayi, and Plasmodium billcollinsi are monophyletic groups supporting that they are indeed different species.An expanded CSP phylogeny is presented, including all the Laverania species and other malarial parasites. Contrasting with other Plasmodium, the Laverania csp exhibits great conservation at the central tandem repeat region. Msp2 and var2CSA, however, show extended recent polymorphism in P. falciparum that likely originated after the P. reichenowi-P. falciparum split. The accumulation of such diversity may indicate adaptation to the human host. These examples support the notion that comparative approaches among P. falciparum and its related species will be of great value in understanding the evolution of proteins that are important in parasite invasion of the human red blood cell, as well as those involved in malaria pathogenesis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Malarial parasite diversity in chimpanzees: the value of comparative approaches to ascertain the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum antigens

Pacheco

Cranfield

Cameron

et al. 2013

Malar J

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show abstract

“…Fenton et al (38) have shown that the allelic subclasses within the 3D7͞ Camp family are derived from a common ancestral nucleotide sequence and that the diversity arises from duplication and deletion of repeat subunits. Recently, Dubbeld et al (39) have cloned and sequenced the Msp-2 gene of P. reichenowi, which is a ''unique mosaic of P. falciparum allelic forms and species-specific elements.'' We have used the methods described by Fenton et al (38) to determine whether the Msp-2 of P. reichenowi provides insight into the ancestry of the FC27 and 3D7͞Camp families.…”

Section: Msp-2 Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population structure and recent evolution of Plasmodium falciparum

Rich

Ayala

2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

139

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Plasmodium falciparum is the agent of malignant malaria, one of mankind's most severe maladies. The parasite exhibits antigenic polymorphisms that have been postulated to be ancient. We have proposed that the extant world populations of P. falciparum have derived from one single parasite, a cenancestor, within the last 5,000 -50,000 years. This inference derives from the virtual or complete absence of synonymous nucleotide polymorphisms at genes not involved in immune or drug responses. Seeking to conciliate this claim with extensive antigenic polymorphism, we first note that allele substitutions or polymorphisms can arise very rapidly, even in a single generation, in large populations subject to strong natural selection. Second, new alleles can arise not only by single-nucleotide mutations, but also by duplication͞deletion of short simple-repeat DNA sequences, a process several orders of magnitude faster than single-nucleotide mutation. We analyze three antigenic genes known to be extremely polymorphic: Csp, Msp-1, and Msp-2. We identify regions consisting of tandem or proximally repetitive short DNA sequences, including some previously unnoticed. We conclude that the antigenic polymorphisms are consistent with the recent origin of the world populations of P. falciparum inferred from the analysis of nonantigenic genes.

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Pathogen evolution issues in genetically modified mosquito vector strategies

Rodrı́guez

Bridging Laboratory and Field Research for Genetic Control of Disease Vectors

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Merozoite surface protein 2 of Plasmodium reichenowi is a unique mosaic of Plasmodium falciparum allelic forms and species-specific elements1Note: Nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper are available in the EMBL, GenBank™ and DDJB databases under the accession number: Y14731.1

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

Malarial parasite diversity in chimpanzees: the value of comparative approaches to ascertain the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum antigens

Malarial parasite diversity in chimpanzees: the value of comparative approaches to ascertain the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum antigens

Population structure and recent evolution of Plasmodium falciparum

Pathogen evolution issues in genetically modified mosquito vector strategies

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