Mescaline and LSD‐25 in Activation of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Schwarz, Bert E.; Bickford, Reginald G.; Mulder, Donald W.; Rome, Howard P

doi:10.1212/wnl.6.4.275

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Produced naturally in the peyote cacti, this phenethylamine agent acts primarily on the serotonergic 5HT 1A/2A/B/C receptors (Glennon et al, 1984; Halberstadt et al, 2009; Monte et al, 1997; Palenicek et al, 2008; Shannon et al, 1984), also showing dopaminergic activity (Trulson et al, 1983). The clinical effects of mescaline, similar to the psychedelic action of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses (Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al, 1998; Hermle et al, 1992; Schwarz et al, 1956; Wolbach et al, 1962). In rodent models, mescaline modulates locomotion, exploration, cognitive function (Geyer et al, 1979; Koupilova et al, 1999; Palenicek et al, 2008; Sykes, 1986), aggression, startle (Palenicek et al, 2008; Sbordone and Carder, 1974; Sbordone et al, 1979) and motor responses (Canal et al, 2010; Silva and Calil, 1975; Yamamoto et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hallucinogenic agents mescaline and phencyclidine on zebrafish behavior and physiology

Kyzar

Collins

Gaikwad

et al. 2012

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

101

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Mescaline and phencyclidine (PCP) are potent hallucinogenic agents affecting human and animal behavior. As their psychotropic effects remain poorly understood, further research is necessary to characterize phenotypes they evoke in various animal models. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly emerging as a new model organism for neuroscience research. Here, we examine the effects of mescaline (5–20 mg/l) and PCP (0.5–3 mg/l) in several zebrafish paradigms, including the novel tank, open field and shoaling tests. Mescaline and PCP dose-dependently increased top activity in the novel tank test, also reducing immobility and disrupting the patterning of zebrafish swimming, as assessed by ethograms. PCP, but not mescaline, evoked circling behavior in the open field test. At the highest doses tested, mescaline increased, while PCP did not affect, zebrafish shoaling behavior. Finally, 20 mg/l mescaline did not alter, and 3 mg/l PCP elevated, whole-body cortisol levels. Overall, our studies indicate high sensitivity of zebrafish models to hallucinogenic compounds with complex behavioral and physiological effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hallucinogenic agents mescaline and phencyclidine on zebrafish behavior and physiology

Kyzar

Collins

Gaikwad

et al. 2012

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It was noted in another recent study that mescaline and LSD-25 failed to activate temporal-lobe epilepsy either clinically or electroencephalographically. 2 Because of these factors, it was hoped that depth electrographic studies might be fruitful in elucidating the effects of these drugs. It was hoped also that study by means of depth electrography of the effects of adrenochrome might elucidate its reported actions of inducing a psychosis without insight in volunteers 3 and increasing the paroxysmal discharges in the electroencephalograms of epileptics.4 Scalp electroencephalography and depth electrography were undertaken as specific aids to diagnosis and as preliminary measures to definitive surgical treatment in each patient in our study.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Mescaline, LSD-25, and Adrenochrome on Depth Electrograms in Man

Schwarz¹,

Sem‐Jacobsen²,

Petersen³

1956

Arch NeurPsych

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In a recent report concerning the reversibility by chlorpromazine of psychoses induced by means of mescaline and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), careful attention was given to the clinical and electroencephalographic changes.1 Although the clinical changes of this reversal effect were immediate and striking, the conventional electroencephalographic changes were minimal, and it was difficult to assess them. It was noted in another recent study that mescaline and LSD-25 failed to activate temporal-lobe epilepsy either clinically or electroencephalographically.2 Because of these factors, it was hoped that depth electrographic studies might be fruitful in elucidating the effects of these drugs. It was hoped also that study by means of depth electrography of the effects of adrenochrome might elucidate its reported actions of inducing a psychosis without insight in volunteers 3 and increasing the paroxysmal discharges in the electroencephalograms of epileptics.4 Scalp electroencephalography and depth electrography were undertaken as specific aids to diagnosis and as preliminary measures to definitive surgical treatment in each patient in our study. METHODAfter the administration of mescaline and LSD-25, two patients who had intractable epilepsy and Received for publication Jan. 9, 1955. From the Rochester State Hospital. psychosis and three who had chronic schizophrenia were studied by means of the techniques of depth electrography developed and defined in this labora¬ tory.* One of the epileptic and two of the schizo¬ phrenic patients also received adrenochrome. Each patient had extensive control studies, lasting as long as two weeks per patient, previous to the time of administration of the drug. Further control obser¬ vations were repeated every day of the study. Elec¬ trocardiograms were recorded simultaneously with depth electrograms in two patients.The dose of mescaline varied between 400 mg. and 1 gm., whereas that of LSD-25 ranged from 507 to 1507. The dose of adrenochrome f varied between 50 and 75 mg. The mescaline and LSD-25 were administered orally ; the adrenochrome was given intravenously as a freshly prepared solution in 10 cc. of sterile water. At the presumed height of the reactions to mescaline and LSD-25, each patient received an intravenous injection of 50 mg. of chlorpromazine dissolved in 10 cc. of sterile water. The mescaline, LSD-25, and adrenochrome were administered during the fasting state in all instances. CLINICAL RESULTSThe clinical results are summarized in the accompanying Table. This report is based on 18 observations, 6 with mescaline, 6 with LSD-25, and 6 with adrenochrome. With the doses of drugs used, the clinical effects were moderate when compared with the re¬ sponses of a series of volunteers* and a group of epileptics 2 without psychosis, who received substantially smaller doses than were used in this study. Mescaline produced autonomie changes consisting of slight pupillary dilatation and facial flushing. In the psychic sphere, three patients who were negativistic in the...

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“…12). DISCUSSION Schwarz et al (25) reported that the intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine (25 mg/kg) was a rapid and e ective antidote in reversing the signs and symptoms of model psychosis in normal subjects under LSD. Hoch (26) and Isbell et al (27) demonstrated that chlor promazine ameliorated partially the abnormal mental state induced by LSD in man, while reserpine and frenquel did not reduce the intensity of the LSD psychosis.…”

Section: Effect Of Drugs On the Local Cortical Potentialmentioning

confidence: 92%

The Effect of LSD and Reserpine on the Central Nervous System of the Cat

1958

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(7) demonstrated that LSD antagonized the action of serotonin which is normally present in the brain. Thus LSD has been considered as a most interesting drug in psychopharmacological studies. On the other hand, both chlorpromazine and reserpine have been used in psychiatric practice, and the therapeutic effects of these have been widely recognized.In our labolatory, Fujita et al. (8, 9) recorded the potential changes to afferent stimula tion of the various parts of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves, and investigated the influence of analgesics on these potential change in order to determine the site of action of such drugs on the afferent pathways of these nerves. Takagi and Takaori (10, 11) analysed the mode of action of chlorpromazine, diethazine and promethazine on the central nervous system with the aid of various evoked potentials following stimulation of the peripheral nerves and central nervous structures, and spinal reflex discharges. Yamamoto (12) studied the site of action of Ohton on the central nervous system by means of the same method.The present investigation has been designed to determine the mode of action of LSD and reserpine on the central nervous system by means of the electrophysilogical methods mentioned above, and to trace the antagonism between LSD and chlorpromazine or reserpine. METHODSThe experiments were carried out on 76 cats. In most cases surgical procedures were performed under ether anesthesia. The spinal cord was transected at the C, level in order to diminish the centripetal influence caused by stimulation. Sometimes, succinylcholine (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) was used to keep the animal quiet.Two hours were allowed following ether

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Mescaline and LSD‐25 in Activation of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of hallucinogenic agents mescaline and phencyclidine on zebrafish behavior and physiology

Effects of hallucinogenic agents mescaline and phencyclidine on zebrafish behavior and physiology

Effects of Mescaline, LSD-25, and Adrenochrome on Depth Electrograms in Man

The Effect of LSD and Reserpine on the Central Nervous System of the Cat

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