Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome and Osteoarthritis: A State of The Art

Abstract

No agreed cure or procedure can prevent the damage caused by OA. Current treatments such as physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, and viscous supplements are symptomatic and are aimed solely at pain relief. Mesenchymal stem cells, on the other hand, refer to a population of cells with immunomodulatory and homing properties. Recent studies have shown that stem cells produce secretomes with tissue regeneration, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic capacities.Secretomes in conditioned media produced by mesenchymal stem cells can stimulate the repair of cartilage defects. There are many evidence from many studies both in vitro and in vivo which provide potential results. The improvement can be seen from the morphology, in the form of thickening of the cartilage, an increase in the number of chondrocyte cells, regular joint surfaces, and histologically it can be seen that there is an improvement in the joint cartilage matrix. Likewise, histological studies using immunohistochemistry also showed an increase in the expression of TGF-β, SOX-9, aggrecan, and type II collagen which is a pathway for the formation of hyaline cartilage repair. Not only improvement, other studies have also shown that the secretome can provide a protective effect on joint cartilage by increasing the expression of the COL2A1 gene which functions to form collagen matrix components and reduces apoptosis in chondrocyte cells.Secretomes produced by mesenchymal stem cells can stimulate the repair of cartilage damage, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, angiogenesis, and anti-apoptotic abilities from their cytokines and extra vesicles contains miRNA. MSCs secretomes are more stable and provide simpler manufacturing than MSCs themselves.

Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Improves Clinical Outcomes and Changes Biomarkers in Knee Osteoarthritis

“…The findings exhibited a rise in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a factor linked to the process of chondrogenesis. Furthermore, the research revealed a notable reduction in the expression of ADAMTS1, MMP-1, and MMP-3, which play a crucial role in the degenerative mechanisms associated with osteoarthritis [4].…”

“…According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the worldwide incidence of OA for men over 60 is 9.6%, and for women it is 18%. In Indonesia, the prevalence of OA knee has reached 15.5% (39 million) for men and 12.7% (32 million) for women among a total population of 255 million [4].…”

“…The secretome produced by mesenchyme stem cells is more stable than mesenchyme stem cells or stem cells themselves and can repair cartilage damage. It is also anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, angiogenesis-promoting, and anti-apoptotic [4,12,13].…”