Mesenchymal stem cells under epigenetic control – the role of epigenetic machinery in fate decision and functional properties

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (mesenchymal stromal cells, MSC) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into cells of at least three mesodermal lineages, namely adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes, and have potent immunomodulatory properties. Epigenetic modifications are critical regulators of gene expression and cellular differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Epigenetic machinery controls MSC differentiation through direct modifications to DNA and histones. Understanding the role of epigenetic machinery in MSC is crucial for the development of effective cell-based therapies for degenerative and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of epigenetic control of MSC differentiation and immunomodulatory properties.

Dnmt1 determines bone length by regulating energy metabolism of growth plate chondrocytes

“…DNA methylation induces structural changes in chromatin and accumulation of methylation that in turn contributes to regulation of transcription 3 . Establishment of unique gene expression patterns during cell proliferation and differentiation is attributed to DNA methylation, and inhibition of DNA methylation leads to abnormal development 25,26 .…”

Transcriptomic Analysis of Mineralized Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Tissues for Calcific Valve Disease Modelling

“…Interestingly, the global gene expression measured for the uninduced condition was more tightly clustered, which is indicative of a greater homogeneity among gene transcripts. The gene expression measured in the mineralized ASC-sheets is more heterogenous, indicating that the mineralization efficacy may be population-dependent and be influenced by other factors such as the patient's genomic background [19,20]. A total of 1059 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with an absolute fold change of 1.5 or greater and an adjusted p-value of less than 0.05, were found to be significantly modulated in mineralized sheets (Table S1), of which 583 and 476 were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively (Figure 2B).…”

LOC646762 Is Involved in Adipogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Adipocytes are the most common cells in the human body and serve dual roles of energy storage sites and regulators of physiological processes. , They not only maintain energy metabolism, nutritional homeostasis, and tissue homeostasis in the body but are also involved in important endocrine functions. , Adipocyte differentiation is a physiological process involving differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to mature adipocytes . In addition, a balance is maintained between adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) .…”

“… 3 , 4 Adipocyte differentiation is a physiological process involving differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to mature adipocytes. 5 In addition, a balance is maintained between adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). 6 Adipocyte differentiation is regulated by expression of multiple functional genes, noncoding RNAs, transcription factors, hormones, and signaling pathway molecules and involves a series of biochemical reactions triggered by various hormones and cytokines.…”