Microemulsions,
as thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water,
and surfactant, are known and have been studied for more than 70 years.
However, even today there are still quite a number of unclear aspects,
and more recent research work has modified and extended our picture.
This review gives a short overview of how the understanding of microemulsions
has developed, the current view on their properties and structural
features, and in particular, how they are related to applications.
We also discuss more recent developments regarding nonclassical microemulsions
such as surfactant-free (ultraflexible) microemulsions or ones containing
uncommon solvents or amphiphiles (like antagonistic salts). These
new findings challenge to some extent our previous understanding of
microemulsions, which therefore has to be extended to look at the
different types of microemulsions in a unified way. In particular,
the flexibility of the amphiphilic film is the key property to classify
different microemulsion types and their properties in this review.
Such a classification of microemulsions requires a thorough determination
of their structural properties, and therefore, the experimental methods
to determine microemulsion structure and dynamics are reviewed briefly,
with a particular emphasis on recent developments in the field of
direct imaging by means of electron microscopy. Based on this classification
of microemulsions, we then discuss their applications, where the application
demands have to be met by the properties of the microemulsion, which
in turn are controlled by the flexibility of their amphiphilic interface.
Another frequently important aspect for applications is the control
of the rheological properties. Normally, microemulsions are low viscous
and therefore enhancing viscosity has to be achieved by either having
high concentrations (often not wished for) or additives, which do
not significantly interfere with the microemulsion. Accordingly, this
review gives a comprehensive account of the properties of microemulsions,
including most recent developments and bringing them together from
a united viewpoint, with an emphasis on how this affects the way of
formulating microemulsions for a given application with desired properties.