Mesoporous Carbon–Carbon Nanotube–Sulfur Composite Microspheres for High-Areal-Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes

Xu, Terrence; Song, Jiangxuan; Gordin, Mikhail L.; Sohn, Hiesang; Yu, Zhaoxin; Chen, Shuru; Wang, Donghai

doi:10.1021/am4035784

Cited by 232 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It is apparent in Figure 3 that pack-level specific energy and energy density decreases significantly at low specific capacities. Initial specific capacities of 1000 mAh/g and higher are achievable in the literature, 8,9,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]20,21,31 however retaining this capacity is still one of the biggest challenges as the highest retained capacity reported was 740 mAh/g after 1500 cycles. 18 The electrolyte to sulfur ratio in the cathode (E/S) is one of the most critical parameters playing a key role in capacity retention.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Link between Materials Chemistry and Cell-Level Design for High Energy Density and Low Cost Lithium-Sulfur Transportation Battery

Eroğlu

Zavadil

Gallagher

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

213

281

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A materials-to-system analysis for the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) electric vehicle battery is presented that identifies the key electrode and cell design considerations from reports of materials chemistry. The resulting systems-level energy density, specific energy and battery price as a function of these parameters is projected. Excess lithium metal amount at the anode and useable specific capacity, electrolyte volume fraction, sulfur to carbon ratio and reaction kinetics at the cathode are all shown to be critical for the high energy density and low cost requirements. Electrode loading is determined as a key parameter to relate the battery price for useable energy to the investigated design considerations. The presented analysis proposes that electrode loadings higher than 8 mAh/cm 2 (∼7 mg S/cm 2 ) are necessary for Li-S systems to exhibit the high energy density and low cost required for transportation applications. Stabilizing the interface of lithium metal at the required current densities and areal capacities while simultaneously maintaining cell capacity with high sulfur loading in an electrolyte starved cathode are identified as the key barriers for ongoing research and development efforts to address. In the search for high energy density and inexpensive rechargeable batteries for the electric vehicles, Li-S batteries have gained significant attention due to the high specific capacity (1675 mAh/g), low cost, natural abundance and non-toxicity of elemental sulfur.1-6 Compared to the state-of-art Li-ion batteries, Li-S batteries have very high theoretical specific energy of 2567 Wh/kg.1-6 The Li-S battery is commonly composed of a sulfur-carbon composite cathode, an organic electrolyte and a lithium anode.1-6 The overall Li-S redox reaction is given in equation 1.with a standard potential of U 0 = 2.2 V (vs Li/Li + ). 1,2Despite these attractive features of the Li-S battery, multiple formidable challenges limit the cycle life significantly. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Firstly, precipitation of insulating reactants, sulfur and Li 2 S, in the cathode leads to poor electronic conductivity and passivation that could limit the active material utilization.1-6 Secondly, the soluble polysulfide reaction intermediates produced during charging can migrate to the anode where they react with Li to either precipitate on the anode surface or migrate back to the cathode causing infinite charging.1-6 This polysulfide shuttle mechanism leads to poor coulombic efficiency and significant self-discharge as well as corrosion of the Li-anode.1-6 Finally, the instability of the Li-anode is a major concern.2,4,5,7 Li surface area can increase significantly with cycling due to morphological changes, which accelerate Li and electrolyte depletion owing to the absence of a stable interphase. 2,4,5,7 While polysulfide migration may lead to the corrosion of dendritic or high surface area lithium reducing the risk of short circuiting, the resulting reactions typically result in a reduction in inventory of cyclable lithium. 4 All of these mechanisms ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Link between Materials Chemistry and Cell-Level Design for High Energy Density and Low Cost Lithium-Sulfur Transportation Battery

Eroğlu

Zavadil

Gallagher

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

213

281

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“…24,25 The cathodes for Li/S batteries were prepared by mixing 80 wt% of carbon/sulfur composite (70 wt% sulfur), 10 wt% carbon black (Super-P), and 10 wt% polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVdF) dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) to form a homogeneous slurry. The slurry was then coated onto a carbon-coated aluminum foil.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorinated Electrolytes for Li-S Battery: Suppressing the Self-Discharge with an Electrolyte Containing Fluoroether Solvent

Azimi

Xue

Rago

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Self Cite

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The fluorinated electrolyte containing a fluoroether 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) was investigated as a new electrolyte for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The low solubility of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) in the fluorinated electrolyte reduced the parasitic reactions with Li anode and mitigated the self-discharge by limiting their diffusion from the cathode to the anode. The use of fluorinated ether as a co-solvent and LiNO 3 as an additive in the electrolyte shows synergetic effect in suppressing the self-discharge of Li-S battery due to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on both sulfur cathode and the lithium anode. The Li-S cell with the fluorinated electrolyte showed prolonged shelf life at fully charged state. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered to be promising candidates which can satisfy the demand for high energy density batteries in electronic and transportation devices due to their high theoretical capacity, intrinsic overcharge protection, low cost and nontoxicity. 1,2 Sulfur, one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, has a theoretical capacity value of 1675 mAh/g and is the cheapest solid state cathode material for energy storage devices.Despite the considerable advantages, there are several major issues that impede the practical applications of the Li-S battery.3 Sulfur undergoes a series of structural and morphological changes during charge and discharge, which results in the formation of soluble Li 2 S x (4 < x < 8) and insoluble Li 2 S 2 and Li 2 S. The formation of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPS) and their chemical reaction with the electrolyte and lithium anode leads to low coulombic efficiency and rapid capacity fading. [4][5][6][7] In addition, Li-S battery suffers from severe self-discharge, which is the biggest hurdle for the commercialization of this battery. 8 A secondary battery will lose charge capacity when stored for a period of time at a certain temperature. This behavior is known as self-discharge and depends on the battery chemistry, electrode composition, choice of current collector, electrolyte formulation, and the storage temperature. For Li-S batteries, the self-discharge is a well-known issue due to the severe corrosion of lithium metal anode in the presence of the LiPS in the electrolyte. 5,6,8 Many attempts have been made to overcome the poor cycle life and low sulfur utilization of Li-S batteries.7-14 However, there are only a few publications focused on solving the self-discharge issue of the Li-S battery. Kazazi et al. have reported that the corrosion of the aluminum current collector and the shuttle mechanism play a significant role in the self-discharge of Li-S cells; therefore, LiNO 3 is a suitable electrolyte additive candidate to prevent self-discharge due to its effect on shuttle prevention.8 Mikhaylik and Akridge reported that self-discharge mainly attributed from the high plateau polysulfides. Electrolytes with higher salt concentration also showed lower rates of Li corrosion wit...

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“…For example, hard templates, mostly using silica particles, often serve as the basic skeleton for nanocasting the HPC, followed by etching to remove the template. [6][7][8] In addition, uniform formation of the HPC generally depends on the specific technology,s uch as electrospining or spray drying. Moreover, post physicalo r chemicala ctivation is often required to generate additional micropores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchically‐Porous Carbon Derived from a Large‐Scale Iron‐based Organometallic Complex for Versatile Energy Storage

Fan

Wang

et al. 2016

ChemSusChem

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Inspired by the preparation of the hierarchically-porous carbon (HPC) derived from metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for energy storage, in this work, a simple iron-based metal- organic complex (MOC), which was simpler and cheaper compared with the MOF, was selected to achieve versatile energy storage. The intertwined 1 D nanospindles and enriched-oxygen doping of the HPC was obtained after one-step carbonization of the MOC. When employed in lithium-ion batteries, the HPC exhibited reversible capacity of 778 mA h g(-1) after 60 cycles at 50 mA g(-1) . Moreover, the HPC maintained a capacity of 188 mA h g(-1) after 400 cycles at 100 mA g(-1) as the anode material in a sodium-ion battery. In addition, the HPC served as the cathode matrix for evaluation of a lithium-sulfur battery. The general preparation process of the HPC is commercial, which is responsible for the large-scale production for its practical application.

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Mesoporous Carbon–Carbon Nanotube–Sulfur Composite Microspheres for High-Areal-Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes

Cited by 232 publications

References 41 publications

Critical Link between Materials Chemistry and Cell-Level Design for High Energy Density and Low Cost Lithium-Sulfur Transportation Battery

Critical Link between Materials Chemistry and Cell-Level Design for High Energy Density and Low Cost Lithium-Sulfur Transportation Battery

Fluorinated Electrolytes for Li-S Battery: Suppressing the Self-Discharge with an Electrolyte Containing Fluoroether Solvent

Hierarchically‐Porous Carbon Derived from a Large‐Scale Iron‐based Organometallic Complex for Versatile Energy Storage

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