“…Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are one of the most representative and explored mesoporous biomaterials in biomedicine due to their high biocompatibility, tunable biodegradation, sustained drug-releasing performance, and easy surface modifications ( Fig. 1) [32][33][34][35]. Compared with traditional MSNs and other carbon-based nanosystems (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanodots, and fullerene), mesoporous carbon biomaterials (MCBs), especially mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNs), have been rarely used for biomedical applications, probably due to the lack of adequate synthetic methodologies to fabricate MCNs with desirable composition, dimension, structure, dispersity, and physiochemical properties for biomedicine.…”