Mesoscale and Nutrient Conditions Associated with the Massive 2008 Cochlodinium polykrikoides Bloom in the Sea of Oman/Arabian Gulf

Abstract

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Past summer upwelling events in the Gulf of Oman derived from a coral geochemical record

“…It is known that increasing chlorophyll-a concentrations correspond with upwelling events 1, 7 inducing phytoplankton blooms, thereby decreasing water-column transparency and depleting 13 C coral with low photosynthetic activities of zooxanthellae 33 . Moreover, lower δ 13 C DIC-SW supply from greater depths decreases δ 13 C DIC-SW at the sea surface 24, 25, 34 .…”

Overview of Decadal Ecosystem Changes in the Western Arabian Sea and the Occurrence of Algal Blooms

“…A similar symbiont strategy is used by the large diatom Guiardia (Rhizosolenia) to cope with oligotrophic conditions in the Equatorial Pacific by hosting a cyanobacteria that fixes N 2 and subsequently providing ammonium for this very large diatom (Villareal 1998). The massive bloom of the ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the Sea of Oman and western AS in 2008 was unexpected since it had not been previously observed in the area (Al-Azri et al 2014). It had been a regular problem for fish farms off the coast of Korea in the 1990s and early 2000s, in a different temperate environment vs. the tropical Sea of Oman.…”

“…There are more than a dozen HABs and they are mostly dinoflagellates, but two HABs, red and green Noctiluca scintillans and the ichthyotoxic dinoflagellte Cochlodinium polykrikoides, make up the bulk of the reports (Al-Azri et al 2012). There was a huge long-lived Cochlodinium bloom in 2008 that caused extensive fish kills, closure of desalination plants and a reduction in tourism in the western Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman (Richlen et al 2010;Piontkovski et al 2011;Al-Azri et al 2014). It is surprising that since 2008, large blooms of this species have not re-occurred.…”

Challenges in modeling spatiotemporally varying phytoplankton blooms in the Northwestern Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman

“…This upwelling provides nutrients to the surface layer ( Fig. 1b) (Al-Azri et al, 2013;Kawamiya and Oschlies, 2003;Madhupratap et al, 1996;Murtugudde et al, 2007;Veldhuis et al, 1997;Wang and Zhao, 2008). The SWM does not destabilize the surface layers, which are fairly stable in northern summer (Fig.…”

“…A second metric of the bloom dynamics is the relationship between the blooms and mesoscale eddies (Al-Azri et al, 2013;Dickey et al, 1998;Hamzehei and Bidokhti, 2013;Shalapyonok et al, 2001;Goes et al, 2005). The confluence of the Persian Gulf outflow current and the East Arabian Sea Current parallel to Omani and Yemeni coastlines in Arabian Sea leads to formation of a frontal zone and formation of persistent eddies in the region.…”