Meta-analysis of COVID-19 patients to understand the key predictors of mortality in the non-vaccinated groups in remote settings

Abstract

Various studies have looked into the impact of the COVID-19 vaccine on large populations. However, very few studies have looked into the remote setting of hospitals where vaccination is challenging due to social structure, myths, and misconceptions. There is a consensus that elevated inflammatory markers such as CRP, ferritin, D-dimer correlate with increased severity of COVID-19 and are associated with worse outcomes. In the present study, through retrospective meta-analysis, we have looked into ~20 months of SARS-COV2 infected patients with known mortality status and identified predictors of mortality concerning their comorbidities, various clinical parameters, inflammatory markers, superimposed infections, length of hospitalization, length of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. Studies with larger sample sizes have covered the outcomes through epidemiological, social, and survey-based analysis; however, most studies cover larger cohorts from tertiary medical centers. In the present study, we assessed the outcome of non-vaccinated COVID 19 patients in a remote setting for 20 months from January 1, 2020, to August 30, 2021, at CHI Mercy Health in Roseburg, Oregon. We also included two vaccinated patients from September 2021 to add to the power of our cohort. The study will provide a comprehensive methodology and deep insight into multi-dimensional data in the unvaccinated group, translational biomarkers of mortality, and state-of-art to conduct such studies in various remote hospitals.

The Course of COVID-19 among Unvaccinated Patients—Data from the National Hospital in Warsaw, Poland

“…Interestingly, in this case, it was also observed that male gender was a predictor of death, despite vaccination status [ 22 , 23 ], which may result from the fact that women are generally characterised by a better immune response to internal and external antigens than men [ 15 , 24 ], and this advantage can also be reflected in the effectiveness of the vaccinations in these two groups [ 25 ]. We also underline that higher levels of inflammation markers (CRP, ferritine, D-dimer) correlate with the increased severity of COVID-19 and are associated with worse results in these patients [ 26 ].…”