Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults

Rand, William; Pellett, Peter L.; Young, Vernon R.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.1.109

Cited by 404 publications

(433 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…This longevity marker, which is associated with cancer, diabetes, and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (Paolisso et al 1997;Arai et al 2001;Carro et al 2002;Trejo et al 2002;Longo and Finch 2003;Pollak et al 2004;Carro and TorresAleman 2006;Fontana et al 2010;Guevara-Aguirre et al 2011;Duron et al 2012;Rajpathak et al 2012), is raised the least by lipids and most by protein consumption (Thissen et al 1994). A study of raw food enthusiasts consuming 40% of calories as lipid and a maintenance level of 0.7 g/kg of protein (Rand et al 2003),~10% of calories, showed similar low levels of IGF-I without apparent calorie restriction (Fontana et al 2008). This macronutrient composition is similar to the original description of the Mediterranean diet on Crete (Keys et al 1970).…”

Section: Health Effects Of Fat As a Macronutrient And Energy Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Should animal fats be back on the table? A critical review of the human health effects of animal fat

Barendse

2014

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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Abstract.Humans hunt or raise a wide variety of animals for meat, which vary from free-range to intensively reared. These animals form a valuable part of human nutrition. Their tissues, including the fat, contain vitamin and other essential nutrients necessary for health. However, animal fat from ruminants and other land mammals is usually regarded as saturated. The purpose of this review is partly to examine the basis for the saturated fat hypothesis of cardiovascular disease given more recent research, to examine the human health effects of animal fats, and partly to draw into one place the diverse knowledge about animal fat and the effects of fat on metabolism. Mechanistic understanding of the initiation of the fatty streak and atherosclerosis calls into question the avoidance of ruminant or porcine fat. Due to high levels of oleic acid, a low n-6 : n-3 fatty acid ratio in some groups, and the presence of specific micronutrients including vitamins and essential fatty acids, animal fats are of benefit in human nutrition. Animal fats can be obtained in minimally processed form making them a convenient source of energy and micronutrients.

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Section: Health Effects Of Fat As a Macronutrient And Energy Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Should animal fats be back on the table? A critical review of the human health effects of animal fat

Barendse

2014

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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“…Cats can adjust protein oxidation to match a range of dietary protein concentrations provided their diet contains at least 14-20% of metabolisable energy (ME) intake as protein (Russell et al , 2003Green et al 2008;Wester et al 2008). This is considerably higher than the minimum of 6-8% of ME required by humans, rats and dogs for maintenance (Rogers and Morris 2002;Rand et al 2003;NRC 2006;Green et al 2008). But exactly why cats cannot adjust the catabolism of amino acids to lower intakes of protein sufficient for other species is not clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Hypercarnivory and the brain: protein requirements of cats reconsidered

Eisert

2010

J Comp Physiol B

103

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The domestic hypercarnivores cat and mink have a higher protein requirement than other domestic mammals. This has been attributed to adaptation to a hypercarnivorous diet and subsequent loss of the ability to downregulate amino acid catabolism. A quantitative analysis of brain glucose requirements reveals that in cats on their natural diet, a significant proportion of protein must be diverted into gluconeogenesis to supply the brain. According to the model presented here, the high protein requirement of the domestic cat is the result of routing of amino acids into gluconeogenesis to supply the needs of the brain and other glucose-requiring tissues, resulting in oxidation of amino acid in excess of the rate predicted for a non-hypercarnivorous mammal of the same size. Thus, cats and other small hypercarnivores do not have a high protein requirement per se, but a high endogenous glucose demand that is met by obligatory amino acid-based gluconeogenesis. It is predicted that for hypercarnivorous mammals with the same degree of encephalisation, endogenous nitrogen losses increase with decreasing metabolic mass as a result of the allometric relationships of brain mass and brain metabolic rate with body mass, possibly imposing a lower limit for body mass in hypercarnivorous mammals.

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“…The appeal of IGF-I as a biomarker is the dynamic nature in which circulating concentrations respond to nutritional stress. Underfeeding and proteincalorie malnutrition result in substantial reductions in IGF-I concentrations and the response persists until the nutritional stress is removed (Friedl et al, 2000;Frystyk et al, 1999;Nindl et al, 2003a;Rand et al, 2003;Thissen et al, 1992;Thissen et al, 1999). Additionally, IGF-I concentrations are relatively stable.…”

Section: Insulin-like Growth Factor-i Physiology and Regulatory Complmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recommended daily allowance for protein is 0.8 g/kg body mass. Current recommendations for physically active populations are 1.2 to 1.5 g protein/kg body mass (Fielding and Parkinton, 2002;Rand et al, 2003). It is common for infantry type units to subsist on one-to-two Meals Ready-to-Eat (MRE) per day during field operations.…”

Section: Influence Of Dietary Protein Content Of Circulating Igf-i Dumentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I for Assessing Military Operational Stress: Supporting Future Force Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battlefield

Nindl¹,

Tuckow²,

Alemany³

et al. 2004

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Military training and operational stress can compromise health and performance of Soldiers. The availability of a sensitive biomarker of nutritional and physiological strain would have tremendous utility for monitoring soldier readiness as well as assessing the effectiveness of intervention and recovery strategies. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is sensitive to underfeeding and malnutrition; falling 50-60% during operational stress. It is a stable marker, minimally affected by circadian rhythms. IGF-I can be measured rapidly using minimally invasive techniques. IGF-1 monitoring offers the potential to reduce injury incidence and improve training effectiveness.

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Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults

Abstract: This meta-analysis provides new recommendations for dietary reference values, ie, an EAR (median) and RDA (97.5th percentile) for healthy adults of 105 and 132 mg N x kg(-1) x d(-1) (0.65 and 0.83 g good-quality protein x kg(-1) x d(-1)), respectively.

Cited by 404 publications

References 78 publications

Should animal fats be back on the table? A critical review of the human health effects of animal fat

Should animal fats be back on the table? A critical review of the human health effects of animal fat

Hypercarnivory and the brain: protein requirements of cats reconsidered

Utility of Measuring Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I for Assessing Military Operational Stress: Supporting Future Force Warrior from the Bench Top to the Battlefield

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