Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.

Background: Adjustment disorder (AjD) was redefined for ICD-11 with core symptoms of preoccupation with a stressor and failure to adapt. The socio-interpersonal framework model for stress-response syndromes suggests that interpersonal factors, besides intrapersonal processes, substantially contribute to the development of AjD. Objective: The current study aimed to identify predictive factors in the development of AjD symptoms by the application of a framework model for stress-response syndromes. Method: N = 321 recently laid-off participants (47.7% female) were assessed with a newly developed standardized clinical diagnostic interview section on ICD-11 AjD. Self-report questionnaires measured AjD symptom severity, and interpersonal and intrapersonal predictors. Path analysis was used to model the associations between AjD symptom severity and the predictor variables. We conducted logistic regression to identify associated characteristics of diagnostic status. Results: AjD symptoms were highly prevalent and 25.6% of participants met the diagnostic criteria. Higher loneliness, higher dysfunctional disclosure, and lower self-efficacy were associated with both higher symptom severity and higher likelihood of meeting the diagnostic criteria for AjD. Higher perceived social support was associated with higher likelihood for AjD diagnosis. Conclusions: Research on risk factors for AjD is still sparse. This study provided empirical evidence on the role of interpersonal factors supporting the socio-interpersonal model for stress-response syndromes.

Section: Socio-interpersonal Model Of Stress-response Syndromesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A socio-interpersonal approach to adjustment disorder: the example of involuntary job loss

Lorenz

Perkonigg

Maercker

2018

“…In more recent studies and analyses of PTSD, the focus has shifted from individual, intrapsychic risk factors to interpersonal and social ones (Brewin, Andrews, Valentine., & Holloway, 2000; Maercker & Horn, 2013; Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003). This perspective has been also stressed by ecological systems models applied in the context of resilience studies on children (Betancourt & Khan, 2008; Reed, Fazel, Jones, Panter-Brick, & Stein, 2011; Ungar, 2012) and in studying now-elderly people who were traumatized as children (Maercker, Hilpert, & Burri, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress symptoms among Polish World War II survivors: the role of social acknowledgement

Lis-Turlejska

Szumiał²,

Drapała³

2018

Background: There is growing evidence of the important role played by socio-interpersonal variables on the maintenance of PTSD. Many World War II survivors in Poland could, as a result of political circumstances during the aftermath of the war, have experienced a lack of social recognition of their war-related trauma. Objective: The main aim of the study was to examine the association between perceived social reactions and the level of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD) and depression. Method: Participants (N = 120) were aged 71–97 years (M = 82.44; SD = 6.14). They completed a WWII trauma-related questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). The Social Acknowledgement Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to measure participants’ perception of others’ acknowledgement and disapproval of their war trauma. Results: The rate of probable PTSD, diagnosed according to DSM-IV, was 38.3%. PTSD symptoms and General Disapproval were significantly correlated for all three PTSD symptom groups (Pearson’s r ranged from .25 to .41). The structural equation modelling results also demonstrated the importance of General Disapproval with regard to the level of PTSD symptoms. It explained both the intensity of PTSD symptoms (13.4% of variance) and the level of depression (12.0% of variance). Conclusion: In addition to confirming the high rate of PTSD among WWII survivors in Poland, the results indicate the importance of social reactions to survivors’ traumatic experiences.

“…Studies (reviewed below) have typically annotated the type of traumatic event, participants’ symptoms, and information about known PTSD predictors, such as gender, lifetime trauma exposure, prior mental illness, education, and recovery environment (Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000; Bryant et al, 2012; Freedman et al, 2002; Gabert-Quillen et al, 2012; Koren, Arnon, & Klein, 1999; Macklin et al, 1998; Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003), to evaluate prediction of non-remitting PTSD. These data constitute a viable source for inferring risk estimates across different studies, while reflecting the specific culture and context in which each study was conducted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of data pooling to longitudinal studies of early post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the International Consortium to Predict PTSD (ICPP) project

Ratanatharathorn

Gevonden

et al. 2018

Background: Understanding the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a precondition for efficient risk assessment and prevention planning. Studies to date have been site and sample specific. Towards developing generalizable models of PTSD development and prediction, the International Consortium to Predict PTSD (ICPP) compiled data from 13 longitudinal, acute-care based PTSD studies performed in six different countries.Objective: The objectives of this study were to describe the ICPP’s approach to data pooling and harmonization, and present cross-study descriptive results informing the longitudinal course of PTSD after acute trauma.Methods: Item-level data from 13 longitudinal studies of adult civilian trauma survivors were collected. Constructs (e.g. PTSD, depression), measures (questions or scales), and time variables (days from trauma) were identified and harmonized, and those with inconsistent coding (e.g. education, lifetime trauma exposure) were recoded. Administered in 11 studies, the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) emerged as the main measure of PTSD diagnosis and severity.Results: The pooled data set included 6254 subjects (39.9% female). Studies’ average retention rate was 87.0% (range 49.1–93.5%). Participants’ baseline assessments took place within 2 months of trauma exposure. Follow-up durations ranged from 188 to 1110 days. Reflecting studies’ inclusion criteria, the prevalence of baseline PTSD differed significantly between studies (range 3.1–61.6%), and similar differences were observed in subsequent assessments (4.3–38.2% and 3.8–27.0% for second and third assessments, respectively).Conclusion: Pooling data from independently collected studies requires careful curation of individual data sets for extracting and optimizing informative commonalities. However, it is an important step towards developing robust and generalizable prediction models for PTSD and can exceed findings of single studies. The large differences in prevalence of PTSD longitudinally cautions against using any individual study to infer trauma outcome. The multiplicity of instruments used in individual studies emphasizes the need for common data elements in future studies.