Metabolic Alterations in Shrimp Stomach During Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease and Effects of Taurocholate on Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Abstract

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), a recently emerged bacterial shrimp disease, has increased shrimp mortality and caused huge economic losses in many Asian countries. However, molecular factors underlying pathogenesis of this disease remain largely unknown. Our objective was to characterize metabolic alterations in shrimp stomach during AHPND and determine effects of taurocholate on AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Based on metabolomics, pathways for lipid metabolism and for primary bile acid (BA) synthesis were majorly affected following AHPND infection. Bile acid metabolites, namely taurocholate, were downregulated in the metabolomics database. This prompted us to study effects of taurocholate on biofilm formation, PirABvp toxin release and biofilm detachment capabilities in AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus. Treatment of this bacterium with high concentration of taurocholate, a primary bile acid, induced biofilm formation, PirABvp toxin release and facilitated the dispersion of bacterial cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that AHPND infection can affect the lipid metabolites in shrimp stomach, and further suggest that the primary bile acid taurocholate is important for the virulence of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus.

Comparison of Gene Expression Between Resistant and Susceptible Families Against VPAHPND and Identification of Biomarkers Used for Resistance Evaluation in Litopenaeus vannamei

“…The finding was consistent with the previous report that SP and ChyB had a significantly higher expression level in resistant shrimp line during the AHPND infection (Mai et al, 2021). Several studies have indicated that metabolic processes such as lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolic process in shrimp were greatly affected during AHPND infection (Velazquez-Lizarraga et al, 2019;Kumar et al, 2021). Taken together, the activated myosin, actin, and energy metabolism might indicate that the shrimp were healthier, which led to higher resistance of shrimp to disease.…”

Understanding the effects of salinity and Vibrio harveyi on the gut microbiota profiles of Litopenaeus vannamei

“…Previous studies have also reported that pathogenesis related mechanisms such as bacterial secretion, quorum sensing and biofilm formation were significantly induced in the gut of host infected by V. harveyi (Khan et al, 2020;Deng et al, 2020). Evidently, Vibrio infection in L. vannamei have been shown to cause minor to drastic alterations in various shrimp metabolic functions such as cell cycle, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, purine, pyrimidine, pyruvate, quorum sensing and lipid metabolism (Kumar et al, 2021;Alvariz-Ruiz et al, 2022). Therefore, based on this PICRUSt analysis, we hypothesize that 20 ppt may likely be one of the environmental stressors to V. harveyi, given that biofilm formation process was significantly higher in shrimp gut microbiota of 20VH.…”

Metabolic reprogramming in crustaceans: A vital immune and environmental response strategy

“…24 On the other hand, levels of lipid metabolites (bile acid components taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate) were found decreased in the stomachs of AHPND strain V. parahaemolyticus-infected P. vannamei, which is believed to be a pathogen-induced phenomenon related to biofilm formation that is enhanced by taurocholic acid to allow the release of PirAB VP toxin to promote bacterial dispersion. 25 Similarly,…”

“…parahaemolyticus ‐infected P . vannamei , which is believed to be a pathogen‐induced phenomenon related to biofilm formation that is enhanced by taurocholic acid to allow the release of PirAB VP toxin to promote bacterial dispersion 25 . Similarly, V .…”