Metabolic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after treatment with high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with unipolar major depression

Glutamate as a spectroscopic marker of hippocampal structural plasticity is elevated in long-term euthymic bipolar patients on chronic lithium therapy and correlates inversely with diurnal cortisol

“…Along these lines, we have recently reported that glutamate levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression increase with clinical improvement. 70 Interestingly, in this study we also observed a significant positive correlation between serum lithium levels and hippocampal glutamate concentrations for lithium levels > 0.5 and < 1.0 mmol l À1 (not shown). Obviously, different glutamate pools will be affected differentially by lithium treatment also depending on dosage administered.…”

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the attentional processing of emotional information in major depression: A pilot study

“…This continuous cognitive inflexibility is likely to be associated to functionally related brain structures such as the DLPFC that may not be suscebtible to immediate modifications but nonetheless can be targeted by means of repeated transcranial stimulation (e.g. Luborzewski et al, 2007). Contrary, inducing changes in blood flow and regional metabolism within prefrontal brain regions in groups of healthy subjects might lead to immediate, yet transitory changes in cognitive functioning.…”

HF-rTMS Treatment in Medication-Resistant Melancholic Depression:Results from18FDG-PET Brain Imaging

“…19,56 On the other hand, Luborzewski and colleagues 22 failed to demonstrate neurochemical ACC alterations post HF-rTMS and Loo and colleagues 57 demonstrated that one session of LF-rTMS seemed rather to deactivate the ACC than to activate it. Further, (persistent) ACC asymmetries upon depression recovery are reported 58 and other studies have observed that HF-rTMS treatment resulted in higher ACC CMRglc, 13,16,59 just as we did.…”

“…[15][16][17] Additionally, the anterior cingulum cortex (ACC) has not only been described as a possible predictor of treatment response, 18 but left prefrontal rTMS also seems to influence its metabolic activity status. [19][20][21][22] Should such observations be confirmed, it may then be possible to use these baseline measures to choose the optimal TMS stimulus parameters in individuals to maximize antidepressant responses. 23 The primary objective of this open 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ( 18 FDG-PET) study is to explore whether basal brain glucose metabolism (CMRglc) in the frontocingulate circuit could predict favorable outcome of high frequency rTMS (HF-rTMS) treatment in major depression, as postulated by other authors.…”