Metabolic and Hematological Biomarkers Alterations during the Transition Period in Healthy Farm Animals: A Review

Abstract

In the dairy animals, a critical stage particularly 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition is named as the transition phase or period (TP), which is one of the most crucial physiological periods as almost all of the metabolic as well as infectious diseases happen during this stage. For addressing nutritional requirements and fulfill managemental strategic approaches to overcome these physiological and metabolic changes occurring at this period, a lot of research had been carried out for the better understanding of the biology of the animals during transition stage. Although these attempts, the dairy animal persist to show higher rates of metabolic diseases that are harmful to the welfare of animals and also for its productivity with following a significant financial impact on the stockholders. Several production diseases were encountered during TP; these disorders may include lameness, mastitis, rumen acidosis, ketosis, milk fever, leftdisplaced abomasum, fatty liver, hypophosphatemia, post-parturient hemoglobinuria, subacute ruminal acidosis, retained placenta and metritis. This review article emphasizes the significance changes during the TP in farm animals including cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels. This review will discuss alterations that occur physiologically during TP either in the hematological or biochemical parameters. In addition, hepatic fat contents, acute phase proteins, bone biomarkers, apoptosis of leukocytes and hepatocytes and nutrient metabolism biomarkers, oxidative stress and biomarkers of inflammation changes during TP.

Clinical predictive significance of biomarker molecules elevation during the transition period in in cattle suffering from different pathological states: A review

“…The transition period (TP), which extends from 3 weeks before 3 weeks post parturition, is a critical period for the animal health and welfare, production and productivity, and profitability of dairy animals. The majority of health disorders arise during this period ( Drackley, 1999 ; Lean, et al ., 2013 ; Tharwat, et al ., 2015a ; Tharwat, et al ., 2015 ; Tharwat et al ., 2024 ). At this phase, the animal undergoes a group of physiological, social, and nutritional changes, and is more susceptible to stress, noninfectious and infectious disorders ( Elshafey, 2023 ).…”