Metabolic and perceptual responses while carrying external loads on the head and by yoke

Balogun, Joseph A.; Robertson, Robert J.; Goss, F. L.; Edwards, Marigold A.; Cox, Richard C.; Metz, Kenneth F.

doi:10.1080/00140138608967274

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Different approaches have been taken to investigate the load transport economy. The absolute amount of oxygen consumed (Chung, Lee, Lee, & Choi, ); the amount of oxygen consumed relative to body mass (Lloyd & Cooke, ), or to total mass (body mass + carried load) (Balogun et al, ); the energy cost of locomotion (Abe, Yanagawa, & Niihata, ), the energy of walking and carrying burdens (Kramer, ); or the net metabolic power (Bastien, Willems, Schepens, & Heglund, ) have been reported to properly reflect the energetic cost of burden transport. Nonetheless, following Lloyd, Hind, Parr, Davies, and Cooke (), the cost of transporting a load is best represented by factoring out the energy cost of unloaded walking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No sex differences in the economy of load‐carriage

Prado‐Nóvoa

Rodrı́guez

Vidal‐Cordasco

et al. 2019

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: Load transport activities are of vital importance to current foragers for daily subsistence tasks; thus, it has been suggested that these practices have transformed physical and behavioral characteristics through human evolution.Together with the procurement targets and strategies, the transportation of resources acquired while foraging is strongly influenced by the sex of the foragers. In hunter-gatherer societies, women, despite their smaller body size, usually carry heavier burdens than males. In this study, whether those behavioral differences can be explained by a different economy of load-carriage by sex, irrespective of the body mass of the individuals, is investigated. Material and methods: The energy expenditure of a sample of 48 volunteers (21 females, 27 males) during a set of locomotion and burden transport trials was monitored. Two indexes were computed to compare the increment in the cost of locomotion relative to the load carried by sex. Results: The results demonstrate that both males and females, carrying the same relative loads, experience the same increment over the cost of their unloaded locomotion. Therefore, apart from obvious differences in body mass, there is no evidence of a dissimilar economy favoring one sex over the other that would explain the differences in load-carriage activities observed among current foraging populations.Conclusions: These outcomes provide new conclusions about the constraints of the behavioral ecology of burden transport activities, and highlight the necessity to reevaluate, from an evolutionary perspective, the ideas about the sexual division of subsistence labor in hunter-gatherer and agriculturalist populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No sex differences in the economy of load‐carriage

Prado‐Nóvoa

Rodrı́guez

Vidal‐Cordasco

et al. 2019

American J Hum Biol

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“…Energy cost increases in a systematic manner with increases in body weight (19,21), load (6,9,17,32,51,52), velocity (52) and grade (9,21,41).…”

Section: Physiological Correlates Of Gait Mechanicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Walking Speed on the Biomechanics of Backpack Load Carriage

Harman¹,

Han²,

Frykman³

et al. 2000

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“…Lloyd and Cooke 2000a); relative to total mass (e.g. Balogun et al, 1986) or as energy expenditure calculated from oxygen consumption using standard conversion factors (e.g. Marsh et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extra Load Index as a method for comparing the relative economy of load carriage systems

et al. 2010

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The Extra Load Index (ELI) has been proposed as a suitable method of assessing the relative economy of load carriage systems. The purpose of this study was to determine, based on empirical evidence, that the ELI can accommodate variations in both body composition and added load. Thirty women walked carrying loads of up to 70% BM at self selected walking speeds whilst expired air was collected. In addition each of the women had body composition assessed via DXA. Results show that the ELI is independent of body composition variables, the magnitude of additional loads and the speed of progression. Consequently it is suggested that it represents an appropriate method of comparing load carriage systems in both scientific and commercial arena. Key wordsPhysiology, anthropometry, product design, ergonomics tools and methods word statementWe demonstrate that the Extra Load Index (ELI) is independent of body composition, added load and speed and is therefore an appropriate method to generalise comparisons of load carriage systems. It has the advantage of being easily understood by manufacturers and consumers whilst retaining appropriate scientific precision.

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Metabolic and perceptual responses while carrying external loads on the head and by yoke

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

No sex differences in the economy of load‐carriage

No sex differences in the economy of load‐carriage

The Effects of Walking Speed on the Biomechanics of Backpack Load Carriage

The Extra Load Index as a method for comparing the relative economy of load carriage systems

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