Metabolic Effects of Clenbuterol and Salbutamol on Pork Meat Studied Using Internal Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Direct mass spectrometry analysis of metabolic effects of clenbuterol and salbutamol on pork quality at the molecular level is incredibly beneficial for food regulations, public health and the development of new anti-obesity drugs. With internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (iEESI-MS), nutrients including creatine, amino acids, L-carnitine, vitamin B6, carnosine and phosphatidylcholines in pork tissue were identified, without sample pretreatment, using collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments and by comparison with authentic compounds. Furthermore, normal pork samples were clearly differentiated from pork samples with clenbuterol and salbutamol via principal component analysis (PCA). Correlation analysis performed on the spectral data revealed that the above-mentioned nutrients strongly correlated with pork quality, and the absolute intensity of phosphatidylcholines in normal pork was much higher than pork contaminated by clenbuterol and salbutamol. Our findings suggested that clenbuterol and salbutamol may render effects on the activity of carnitine acyltransferase I, hence the process that L-carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria and the formation of phosphatidylcholines might be affected. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms of clenbuterol and salbutamol on carnitine acyltransferase I requires more comprehensive studies in future work.

Sequential Detection of Lipids, Metabolites, and Proteins in One Tissue for Improved Cancer Differentiation Accuracy

“…iEESI-MS directly characterizes the molecular information within the bulk sample without sample pretreatment. , Until now, iEESI-MS has been successfully applied in multidisciplines such as plant metabolomics (including direct molecular characterization of chemical compounds , as well as ongoing enzymatic reactions in plant tissue samples, etc. ), food science (including rapid screening of pork samples contaminated by β-agonists, quantitative analysis various β-agonists in pork sample, direct evaluation of metabolic effects of clenbuterol and salbutamol on pork quality, identification of meat species based on hemoglobin, and quantitative determination of fluoroquinolones from raw milk, etc. ), clinical analysis (including rapid discrimination of tissue samples of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer, as well as endometriosis foci and blood of ovarian cancer and healthy volunteers based on differences in amino acid and phospholipids metabolism, etc.…”

A Comparative Analysis of Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis Alterations by Chronic Consumptions of Broiler and Domestic Chicken Meats in Postnatal Sprague Dawley Male Rats

“…For example, b-agonist Salbutamol is so stable that it cannot be destroyed even in 100℃ temperature water for 45 minutes. Residues of b-agonists in meat cause health hazards to humans, such as cardiac palpitations, muscular pain, muscular tremors, headaches, central nervous disorders, and cardiovascular diseases by increasing liver weight, disturbing enzyme activity, hormonal level and altering blood cell proportions [11]. Salbutamol is another type of b-adrenergic agonist which is used as growth promoters in broilers.…”

Extending the Lipidome Coverage by Combining Different Mass Spectrometric Platforms: An Innovative Strategy to Answer Chemical Food Safety Issues

“…In particular, continuing and extending the promising work initiated 15 years ago on the investigation of the physiological effects induced as a consequence of illegal practices through metabolomics approaches appears to be a priority [3,4]. Although main proofs of concepts have been obtained focusing on the polar metabolome [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], the apolar and lipidic fraction was also shown to be relevant while highlighting the disruption of phosphatidylglycerols (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidic acid (PA) in bovine serum upon trenbolone/estradiol administration [12] and the disruption of PE, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and sphingomyelin (SM) in muscle tissues collected on ractopamine (RAC) fed pigs [13]. However, these preliminary results did not allow a thorough characterisation of the lipidome since the non-targeted methods applied lacked proper data validation or extensive lipid coverage.…”