Metabolic effects of feeding a high protein/low carbohydrate diet as compared to a low protein/high carbohydrate diet to rainbow troutSalmo gairdneri

Walton, Michael

doi:10.1007/bf02309589

Cited by 91 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Conversely, intrinsic physiological limitations may impede the evolution of herbivory in lizards. In other vertebrate classes, carnivorous or insectivorous species are unable to down-regulate rates of endogenous protein catabolism when feeding on low-protein diets, often resulting in negative nitrogen balance (Green et al, 2008;Robbins, 1983;Rumsey, 1981;Walton, 1986), whereas herbivores generally have physiological adaptations that allow them to maintain nitrogen balance on low-protein foods Robbins, 1983). Thus, lizards might be limited in their ability to feed on lownitrogen foods and maintain nitrogen balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and microbial adjustments to diet quality permit facultative herbivory in an omnivorous lizard

Kohl

Brun

Magallanes

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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While herbivory is a common feeding strategy in a number of vertebrate classes, less than 4% of squamate reptiles feed primarily on plant material. It has been hypothesized that physiological or microbial limitations may constrain the evolution of herbivory in lizards. Herbivorous lizards exhibit adaptations in digestive morphology and function that allow them to better assimilate plant material. However, it is unknown whether these traits are fixed or perhaps phenotypically flexible as a result of diet. Here, we maintained a naturally omnivorous lizard, Liolaemus ruibali, on a mixed diet of 50% insects and 50% plant material, or a plant-rich diet of 90% plant material. We compared parameters of digestive performance, gut morphology and function, and gut microbial community structure between the two groups. We found that lizards fed the plant-rich diet maintained nitrogen balance and exhibited low minimum nitrogen requirements. Additionally, lizards fed the plantrich diet exhibited significantly longer small intestines and larger hindguts, demonstrating that gut morphology is phenotypically flexible. Lizards fed the plant-rich diet harbored small intestinal communities that were more diverse and enriched in Melainabacteria and Oscillospira compared with mixed diet-fed lizards. Additionally, the relative abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the small intestine significantly correlated with whole-animal fiber digestibility. Thus, we suggest that physiological and microbial limitations do not sensu stricto constrain the evolution of herbivory in lizards. Rather, ecological context and fitness consequences may be more important in driving the evolution of this feeding strategy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and microbial adjustments to diet quality permit facultative herbivory in an omnivorous lizard

Kohl

Brun

Magallanes

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Walton (1986) reported that low carbohydrate and high protein food intake affected low activities of glycolytic enzymes and citric acid cycle in rainbow trout.…”

Section: Differences In Metabolic Parameters Between Wild and Hatchermentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in activity and transcript level of liver and gill metabolic enzymes during smoltification in wild and hatchery-reared masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou)

et al. 2012

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It is important for success of the masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, stock enhancement program in Hokkaido (northern Japan) to demonstrate physiological problems in hatchery-reared (hatchery) smolt for artificial release. The present study examined changes in liver and gill metabolic parameters in wild and hatchery masu salmon during smoltification and elucidated differences in hepatic and gill metabolism between wild and hatchery fish. As reference to freshwater-adapted wild and hatchery smolt in this study, metabolic parameters of coastal smolt were studied. Yearling wild and hatchery smolting fish were collected from the Ken-ichi River and the Donan Research Branch, which used Ken-ichi river water for fish culture, at the same time were no remarkable differences in hepatic and gill 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase related to lipolysis and creatine kinase activities, which operate in resolution of creatine phosphate, during smoltification between hatchery and wild fish.These results suggested hatchery masu salmon had some metabolic problems with carbohydrate metabolism, the citric acid cycle and the respiratory chain. Our study will give valuable information to improve physiological quality of hatchery smolt for artificial release.

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“…Walton (1986) reported that low carbohydrate and high protein food intake induced low activities of glycolytic enzymes and the citric acid cycle in rainbow trout. Brauge et al (1994) demonstrated that elevated digestible carbohydrate intake resulted in glycaemia in rainbow trout.…”

Section: -3 Differences In Metabolism Between 1+ Wild and Hatchery mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids

Mizuno¹

2012

Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM)

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anadromous and stream-resident types. The anadromous type migrates to the ocean in spring after spending 1 or 2 years in the streams. Before the seaward migration, they undergo smoltification, a series of behavioral, morphological, physiological and biochemical changes controlled by multiple hormonal pathways (Hoar 1988) that transform the freshwater parr into a seaward-migratory smolt. After 1 year of life in the ocean, the fish return to their natal stream in spring and spawn in autumn (Kubo 1980;Machidori and Kato 1984;Kato 1991). For the artificial propagation of masu salmon, hatchery-reared (hatchery) juveniles, originating from artificial insemination and fed a commercial food in hatcheries, are released into streams (Mayama 1992). Effects of masu salmon propagation, which are expressed as the recovery rate of released hatchery seed, are of 0.41 to 2.12% (Miyakoshi 2006), while the recovery rate of chum salmon artificial propagation was >10% (Taya 1989). In other Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute Fisheries Research Department Local Independent Administrative Agency Hokkaido Research Organization 3-373, Kitakashiwagi, Eniwa, Hokkaido 061-1433, Japan e-mail: mizuno-shinya@hro.or.jp Abstract Anadromous salmonids and osmerids are artificially propagated in Japan by release of their seeds. However, there are many unsolved problems in the techniques of their propagation. In the present monograph, studies on the improvement of seed production techniques in 4 fishes (masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou, chum salmon O. keta, shishamo smelt Spirinchus lanceolatus and Japanese smelt Hypomesus nipponensis) were outlined. Techniques to evaluate dorsal fin pigmentation during smoltification as an external seed quality, and to improve seed quality of hatchery-reared fish, and the discovery of metabolic problems in hatchery-reared fish were described in yearling masu salmon. In underyearling masu salmon, techniques to evaluate nutritional conditions using kidney melano-macrophage density was developed, and applied to the evaluation of the nutritional condition in hatchery-reared fish after release. In chum salmon fry, the development of techniques to monitor the physical condition and to find its appropriate culture conditions was reviewed. In egg cultures of shishamo and Japanese smelt, techniques to eliminate egg adhesiveness with treatments of kaolin or scallop shell powder suspension were established in order to improve hatching rates. In addition, the appropriate embryogenetic stage for the release of shishamo smelt embryos was demonstrated. Consequently, this monograph reveals that these techniques contribute directly to the development of artificial propagation in some salmonids and osmerids. Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids Shinya Mizuno

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Metabolic effects of feeding a high protein/low carbohydrate diet as compared to a low protein/high carbohydrate diet to rainbow troutSalmo gairdneri

Cited by 91 publications

References 31 publications

Physiological and microbial adjustments to diet quality permit facultative herbivory in an omnivorous lizard

Physiological and microbial adjustments to diet quality permit facultative herbivory in an omnivorous lizard

Changes in activity and transcript level of liver and gill metabolic enzymes during smoltification in wild and hatchery-reared masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou)

Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids

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