Metabolic effects of low glycaemic index diets

Abstract

The persistence of an epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes suggests that new nutritional strategies are needed if the epidemic is to be overcome. A promising nutritional approach suggested by this thematic review is metabolic effect of low glycaemic-index diet.The currently available scientific literature shows that low glycaemic-index diets acutely induce a number of favorable effects, such as a rapid weight loss, decrease of fasting glucose and insulin levels, reduction of circulating triglyceride levels and improvement of blood pressure.The long-term effect of the combination of these changes is at present not known.Based on associations between these metabolic parameters and risk of cardiovascular disease, further controlled studies on low-GI diet and metabolic disease are needed. ReviewsObesity is a major global health problem that has been associated with highly occurring disorders such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and certain types of cancer [1,2]. More than one billion adults worldwide are overweight, with ≥ 300 million clinically obese [3]. The epidemic of overweight and obesity, which is rising worldwide, inflicts not only a reduced quality of life and large healthcare-associated costs, but also an increased risk of death [4].Trend analysis in relation to obesity suggests that in most countries the majority of the population is less active than they should be for maintaining good health, while they are simultaneously eating more than they need [5]. Weight gain is considered as a consequence of excessive energy intake as compared with energy expenditure, while successful weigh loss depends upon achieving negative energy balance [2]. In this context, environmental influences, such as an inactive lifestyle and the consumption of energy-dense diets, appear of overriding importance on excessive weight gain in addition to genetic predisposition [6].Weight management in the obese may take into account the energy intake and the dietary macronutrient distribution.A number of nutritional approaches and diets with different proportions of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates are being investigated, which may be energy restricted or prescribed [7,8]. Not only the different macronutrient com-

NILAI INDEKS GLIKEMIK BEBERAPA JENIS PENGOLAHAN JAGUNG MANIS (Zea mays saccharata Sturt)

“…Penerapan konsep IG selain berguna bagi orang yang perlu mengatur kadar glukosa darah tapi juga bermanfaat bagi orang sehat. Radulian et al (2009) Hasil penelitian Youqing Hu et al pada tahun 2006 menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi pangan tinggi IG secara terus menerus dapat memicu meningkatnya stress oksidatif secara kronik. Diet rendah IG menunjukkan penurunan stress oksidatif.…”

“…Selain DM, obesitas juga merupakan contoh penyakit yang terkait erat dengan IG. Makanan dengan IG rendah dapat dijadikan pilihan untuk menurunkan berat badan ataupun menjaga agar berat badan tetap ideal (Radulian et al, 2009). Selain itu pangan dengan nilai IG rendah juga direkomendasikan untuk mempertahankan kesehatan.…”

Índice glucémico y carga glucémica en el fruto de la especie vegetal Opuntia ficus-indica

“…Se sabe que dietas con alimentos con un IG alto promueven la hiperglucemia y la hiperinsulinemia, aumentando a su vez la resistencia de los tejidos periféricos a la insulina y dañando poco a poco las células beta del páncreas, promoviendo así la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 6 . Asimismo, afectan el tejido cardiaco por el aumento de la glicación de proteínas, estrés oxidativo y variables hemostáticas; a su vez, disminuye el colesterol ligado a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), afectando la función endotelial 7 . Estas dietas también se han relacionado con ciertos tipos de cáncer, siendo los más estudiados los de colon y mama 8,9 .…”

“…Estas dietas también se han relacionado con ciertos tipos de cáncer, siendo los más estudiados los de colon y mama 8,9 . Por el contrario, una dieta con un IG bajo se ha visto que induce diversos efectos favorables, tales como una pérdida de peso rápida y un descenso de glucosa e insulina, así como de los triglicéridos 7 . La terapia nutricional más recomendada para el paciente con diabetes mellitus es el uso del IG y la CG para un mejor control de la glucemia y menor comorbilidad 1,3 .…”

Fructose-rich syrup from Ghars cultivar dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

“…These include having a higher sweetening power than glucose and sucrose and a lower glycemic index (Stevenson et al, 2005;Atkinson et al, 2008;Little et al, 2009). In addition, fructose is low in calories and its metabolism does not require insulin (Forshee et al, 2007;Pal et al, 2008;Radulian et al, 2009). However, numerous studies show that excessive consumption of pure fructose increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (George, 2004;Hella, 2005;Forshee et al, 2007;Angelopoulos, 2009;Dray et al, 2009).…”